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HomeMy WebLinkAbout260530 - CONDUITSTHE KENT 26 05 30 - 1 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT SECTION 26 05 30 - CONDUITS PART 1: GENERAL 1.01 SUMMARY A. This section includes: 1. Conduit. 2. Tubing. 3. Fitting and Conduit Bodies. 4. Sleeves. 1.02 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section. B. General Requirements specifically applicable to Division 26 in addition to Division 00 and Division 01 provisions. C. Division 03 – Concrete. D. Division 04 – Unit Masonry. E. Division 07 – Fire Stopping. F. Division 07 – Joint Sealer. G. Section 26 05 00 - Basic Electrical Requirements. H. Section 26 05 26 - Grounding and Bonding. I. Section 26 05 29 – Hangers and Supports for Electrical Systems. J. Section 26 27 13 – Electricity Metering and Incoming Electrical Service. 1.03 DEFINITIONS A. EMT: Electrical metallic tubing. B. FMC: Flexible metal conduit. C. LFMC: Liquidtight flexible metal conduit. D. LFNC: Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit. E. RGS: Rigid Galvanized Steel conduit. F. RNC: Rigid nonmetallic conduit. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 2 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT 1.04 REFERENCES A. Review the Drawings and all sections of the Specifications for equipment furnished by other Contractors and the Owner throughout the entire project. B. See references noted in Specification Section 26 05 00, Paragraph 1.03. C. ANSI C80.1-2005 – Electrical Rigid Steel conduit, Zinc Coated (ERSC). D. ANSI C80.3 – 2005 – Steel Electric Metallic Tubing, Zinc Coated (EMT). E. ANSI/NEMA FB 1 – Cast Metal Boxes and Conduit Bodies for conduit, Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) and Cable Assemblies. F. NECA 101-2001 – Installing Steel Conduit (Rigid, IMC, EMT). G. NECA 102 – 2004 – Standard For Installing Aluminum Rigid Metal Conduit. H. NECA TC 2 – 2003 - Electric Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Tubing and Conduit (EPC-40 and EPC- 80). I. NEMA TC 3 – 2004 – Electrical Polyvinyl (PVC) Fittings For Use With Rigid PVC Conduit. J. ASTM D1151 - Standard Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature on Adhesive Bonds. K. ASTM D1308 - Standard Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes. L. ASTM D3359 - Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test. 1.05 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION A. Conduit for work under Divisions 26, 27 and 28. 1. Refer to specific sections for requirements under those sections. 1.06 SUBMITTALS A. Submit shop Drawings and Product Data under provisions of Division 01 and Section 26 05 00. B. Source quality-control test reports. 1.07 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Regulatory Requirements: 1. Conform to requirements of NFPA 70. B. Certifications. 1. Furnish products listed and classified by UL as suitable for purposes specified and shown. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 3 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT 1.08 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING A. Deliver, Store and handle materials in accordance with Section 26 05 00. B. Protect conduit from corrosion and entrance of debris by storing above grade. Provide appropriate covering. C. Protect PVC conduit from sunlight. 1.09 PROJECT CONDITIONS A. Install all wire and cable in conduit, unless specifically indicated otherwise. B. Verify that field measurements are as shown on Drawings. C. Verify routing and termination locations of conduit prior to rough-in. D. Conduit routing shown on drawings is in approximate location unless otherwise dimensioned. Route as required to complete wiring system. 1.10 SEQUENCING AND SCHEDULING A. Sequence and Schedule work in accordance with Division 01 and Section 26 05 00. 1.11 WARRANTY A. Warranty in Accordance with requirements of Division 01 and Section 26 05 00. PART 2 - PRODUCTS 2.01 ACCEPTABLE MANUFACTURERS A. Metal Conduit and Fittings: 1. Metal Conduit Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide products by one of the following: a. Allied Tube and Conduit Corp. b. Maverick Tube Corporation. c. Republic Steel. d. Triangle PWC, Inc. 2. Metal Conduit Fittings Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide products by one of the following: a. Appleton Electric Company. b. Crouse Hinds. c. Midwest Electric. d. O-Z/Gedney. e. Raco, Inc. f. Steel City/American Electric. g. Thomas and Betts. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 4 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT B. Flexible Metal Conduit, Liquidtight Metal Conduit and Fittings: 1. Flexible Metal Conduit Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide products by one of the following: a. AFC Cable Systems. b. Allied Tube and Conduit Corp. c. Anacoda American Brass Company. d. Electri-Flex Company. e. General Cable. f. Triangle PWC, Inc. 2. Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide products by one of the following: a. AFC Cable Systems. b. Allied Tube and Conduit Corp. c. Anacoda American Brass Company. d. Electri-Flex Company. 3. Flexible Metal Conduit Fittings Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide products by one of the following: a. AFC Cable Systems. b. Allied Tube and Conduit Corp. c. Hubbell, Inc. d. Midwest Electric. e. O-Z/ Gedney. f. Raco, Inc. g. Thomas and Betts. h. Steel City/American Electric. C. Non-Metallic Conduit and Fittings: 1. Non-Metallic Conduit and Fittings Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide products by one of the following: a. CanTex. b. Carlon. c. A Lamson & Sessions Company. d. Certainteed Corp. e. Integral Corp. 2.02 METAL CONDUIT AND FITTINGS -- MATERIALS A. Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC): Hot-dipped galvanized steel, with galvanized threads, conforming to ANSI C80.1-2005 for electrical rigid steel conduit (ERSC). B. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): Hot dipped galvanized steel tubing conforming to ANSI C80.3-2005 for steel electrical metallic tubing (EMT). C. Metal Fittings: 1. Electrical Rigid Steel Conduit (ERSC): Galvanized steel, threaded type conforming to NEMA FB-1. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 5 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT 2. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): a. Galvanized steel, compression or set screw type conforming to NEMA FB-1. b. Indentor and friction type fittings are not permitted. c. Die cast type fittings are not permitted. 2.03 METAL CONDUIT AND FITTINGS – MATERIAL SELECTION A. Minimum Conduit Size: 1. The minimum conduit size use on this project shall be 1/2-inch diameter unless specifically noted otherwise. 2. Conduit shall be sized on basis of utilizing the conductors installed in the conduit unless otherwise indicated on the drawings. B. Electrical Rigid Steel Conduit (RMC): 1. Use electrical rigid steel conduit (ERSC) with threaded type couplings for all conduit installations unless otherwise indicated. 2. Utilize rigid metal conduit (ERSC) conduit and rigid steel conduit (RMC) elbows for all concrete slab penetrations. C. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): 1. Uses Permitted: a. Indoors above the ground floor slab when concealed in within walls. b. Indoors exposed where installed higher than 8’-0” above finished floors, and in ceiling spaces. 2. Uses Not Permitted: a. Uses not permitted by the Electrical Code and other applicable codes. b. Outdoors, exterior locations. c. When installed exposed and lower than 8’-0” above finish floors. 2.04 FLEXIBLE METAL CONDUIT AND FITTINGS A. Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC): Interlocked galvanized steel or aluminum construction. B. Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit: (LFMC): Interlocked galvanized steel or aluminum construction with PVC jacket. C. Fittings: NEMA FB-1: Compression type, UL listed for grounding. D. Use flexible metal conduit in dry locations for connections to transformers, lighting fixtures, and other equipment requiring adjustment or subject to vibration, except motors. E. Use liquidtight flexible metal conduit for all connections to motors, kitchen equipment, and laundry equipment. F. Use liquidtight flexible metal conduit in damp and wet locations for connections to lighting fixtures, and other equipment requiring adjustment or subject to vibration. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 6 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT G. Minimum size of conduit shall be 1/2 inch diameter, except 3/8 inch diameter may be used for lighting fixture and control wiring connections. H. Maximum length of conduit shall be 6 feet. 2.05 NON-METALLIC CONDUIT AND FITTINGS A. Conduit: NEMA TC 2, Schedule 40 heavy wall rigid PVC. B. Non Metallic Conduit (PVC): 1. Uses Permitted: a. In below grade installations. b. Where specifically indicated on drawings. 2. Uses Not Permitted: a. Uses not permitted by the Electrical Code and other applicable codes. b. Concrete slab penetrations. Utilize rigid metal conduit (RMC) conduit and rigid metal conduit (RMC) elbows for concrete slab penetrations 3. Use threaded PVC adapters or fittings for connection between PVC and rigid metal conduit (RMC) conduit. 2.06 SLEEVES THROUGH WALLS AND FLOORS A. Iron Pipe Size (IPS) steel pipe or rigid metal conduit unless otherwise indicated. 2.07 FABRICATION A. Metal Conduit and Fittings: 1. Electrical Rigid Steel Conduit (ERSC): ANSI C80.1; hot-dipped, galvanized steel with galvanized threads. 2. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): ANSI C80.3; galvanized steel tubing. 3. Metal Fittings: a. Electrical Rigid Steel Conduit (ERSC): NEMA FB-1, galvanized steel, threaded type. B. Flexible Metal Conduit and Fittings: 1. Flexible Metal Conduit: Interlocked galvanized steel or aluminum construction. 2. Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit: Interlocked galvanized steel or aluminum construction with PVC jacket. 3. Fittings: NEMA FB-1. Compression type, UL listed for grounding. C. Non-Metallic Conduit and Fittings: 1. Conduit: NEMA TC 2, Schedule 40 heavy wall rigid PVC. 2. Fittings: NEMA TC 3. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 7 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT PART 3 - EXECUTION 3.01 PREPARATION A. Concrete Curbs: 1. Provide 3-inch high concrete curb beneath all surface mounted panelboards to encase all conduits extending out of floor. The depth of the curb shall suit requirements but shall not be less than 6 inches from wall to face of curb providing at least 2 inches of concrete cover over the conduits. 2. All curbs to have chamfered edges. B. Sleeves: 1. Provide sleeves for conduits and other electrical items passing through the following: a. Structural building walls. b. Structural floors. c. Structural ceilings and roofs. 2. Do not install sleeves through structural members of work, except as detailed on Drawings, or as reviewed and approved by Architect/Engineer. 3. Sleeves are not required for penetrations through non-structural walls, floors and ceilings. 4. Install sleeves accurately centered on conduits and other electrical items passing through the sleeves. 5. Size sleeves so that conduits and other electrical items passing through the sleeves will have free movement in the sleeves. 6. Length of sleeve shall be equal to thickness of construction penetrated, and finished flush to surface, except floor sleeves. Floor sleeves finish heights shall be as follows: a. Extend floor sleeves 1/4 inch above level floor finishes. b. Extend floor sleeves 3/4 inch above floor finishes sloped to drain unless otherwise noted. c. Extend floor sleeves a minimum of 3-1/2 inches above floor finish in mechanical rooms, fan rooms, other room where mechanical or plumbing equipment is served by water piping. 7. Provide temporary support of sleeves during placement of concrete and other work around sleeves, and provide temporary closure to prevent concrete and other materials from entering sleeves. 8. Do not install sleeves through suspended ceilings. 9. Sleeve Cavity Fill: a. Concrete Walls: Fill cavity around outside of sleeves passing through concrete walls with concrete under the provisions of Division 03. b. Concrete Masonry Unit Walls: Fill cavity around outside of sleeves passing through concrete masonry unit walls with grout under the provisions of Division 04. c. Concrete Floors: 10. Sleeve Sealant: a. Where sleeves pass through fire-rated construction, seal open area within the sleeves with barrier penetration seal that meets the requirements specified in Division 07. b. Caulk non-fire rated sleeves with sealant that meets the requirements specified in Division 07. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 8 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT 3.02 INSTALLATION A. Install conduit in accordance with the National Electrical Code, NECA standard of Installation, and manufacturer's instructions. B. Provide insulated bushings on the end of all conduit stubs unless otherwise indicated. C. Conduits for switchboards feeders, panelboards feeders, transformer feeders, and generator feeders may be installed either underground or above the finished floor. D. Install conduits for all branch circuit wiring within building perimeter above the building finished floor line, except under the following conditions: 1. Conduits serving floor outlets installed in slabs on grade shall be installed below the slab. 2. Conduits serving outlets in walls that are not full height and located on slabs on grade shall be installed below the slab. E. Concealed Installation: 1. Install all conduits concealed in all areas unless otherwise indicated. Concealed installations include conduits installed above ceilings, within walls, and below floors. F. Exposed Installation: Conduit may be installed exposed only under the following conditions: 1. Locations above 10 feet in rooms with exposed ceiling construction. 2. Unfinished mechanical rooms, unfinished dedicated electrical rooms, and boiler rooms. A space shall be considered unfinished where there are no finished ceilings, walls, or floors. 3. Other spaces specifically designated by the Architect. G. Do not install conduit in concrete slabs. H. Do not route conduits in elevator shafts except those required for the elevator power and communications. I. Bends and Elbows: 1. Utilize long radius bends or elbows for conduits containing coaxial cable or wire smaller than 14 AWG. 2. Utilize rigid metal conduit (RMC) elbows for all underground conduit transitions. J. Underground Conduit Within Building Perimeter: 1. When located below floor slabs, install conduit at the bottom of the drainage fill. 2. When located in interior grass areas such as courtyards, install conduit a minimum of 30 inches below finished floor or finished grade. K. Underground Conduit Outside Building Perimeter: 1. Install conduit a minimum of 30 inches below finished grade to the top of the conduit at the conduit locations. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 9 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT 2. Encase conduits in concrete to form a three inch wall around such conduits or group of conduits under the following conditions: a. Exterior feeder conduits for switchboards and panelboards when installed underground in readily accessible areas such as grass plots, stone paved and non-paved areas b. Branch circuits conduits to the first exterior lighting pole from the building when installed underground in readily accessible areas such as grass plots, stone paved and non-paved areas 3. Conduits not encased in concrete shall be encompassed in 6 inches of sand fill. 4. Refer to Section 26 05 44 for additional requirements. L. Maximum Run Lengths: 1. Interior Above Grade: The maximum length of straight conduit runs without bend shall not exceed 300 feet between pull boxes or pull locations. Deduct 50 feet from the maximum length for each 90-degree bend. Calculate reduction of length for all other bend angles utilizing the same reduction ratio. Do not exceed four 90 degrees bends or a total of 360 degrees of bends per run. 2. Interior and Exterior Below Grade: The maximum length of straight conduit runs without bend shall not exceed 800 feet between pull boxes or pull locations. Deduct 100 feet from the maximum length for each 90-degree bend. Calculate reduction of length for all other bend angles utilizing the same reduction ratio. Do not exceed four 90 degrees bends or a total of 360 degrees of bends per run. M. Do not install damaged conduit. N. Plug ends of conduit to prevent entry of dirt or moisture. Clean out conduit before installation of conductor. O. Cut conduit ends square. Ream all cut conduit and tubing to remove all burrs. Insert conduit and tubing to shoulder of fittings. Securely tighten fittings to assure an effective and continuous path to ground through the conduit system. P. Install UL approved expansion fittings complete with bonding jumpers where conduits cross building expansion joints or drainage fill. Q. To prevent moisture traps, provide junction box at low points in conduit system. Where underground conduit enters the building in below grade areas, provide junction box on the inside wall at the point of conduit entry. R. For penetrations through non-rated walls and floors, caulk the space between the sleeve and conduits, and/or wall and conduits and other electrical items passing through sleeves with non- staining, waterproof gun grade compound to prevent the flow of moisture through the walls and floors. Apply caulking compound by the gun method using nozzles of proper size to fit the void to be filled. Prepare the area for caulking by packing it tightly with a resilient foam or rope yarn. Refer to Division 07. S. Route conduit through roof openings for piping and ductwork or through roofing by method approved by roofing manufacturer. Coordinate location with roofing installation. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 10 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT T. Conduit Support: 1. Conduit shall be rigidly supported from the building structure and securely fastened in place. The supporting means shall provide vertical support of the weight of the equipment and prevent horizontal movement or sway. 2. Support conduit using coated steel or malleable iron straps, single-bolt steel hangers, adjustable hangers, clevis hangers, split hangers, and beam clamps. 3. Support suspended conduits from galvanized threaded steel rods. Thread rods size shall be a minimum of 1/4 inch diameter. 4. Do not support conduit with drop wires, tie wires, or perforated pipe straps. 5. Do not support conduit with aircraft style hangers, such as Gripple hangers, unless specifically indicated in the Contract Documents. 6. Do not attach conduit to or support conduit from ceiling support wires. 7. Remove wire used for temporary supports. 8. Arrange supports to prevent misalignment during wiring installation. 9. Fasten conduit supports to building structure and surfaces under provisions of Section 26 05 29. 10. Group related conduits. Support such conduit groupings using steel channel rack. Secure conduits to racks with U-bolts or strip clips and conduit clamps. Support racks with minimum 1/4 inch diameter rods. 11. See Section 26 05 29 for additional requirements. U. Provide suitable pull string in each empty conduit except sleeves and nipples. Use polypropylene or monofilament plastic line with not less than 200-lb tensile strength. Leave at least 12 inches of slack at each end of pull wire. V. Seal conduit at each end where conduits leave heated areas and enter unheated areas, where air may flow continuously in conduits, or where conduit is installed with possible access for rodents. W. Provide green grounding conductor for entire length of each installation of non-metallic conduit or of flexible conduit, except control wiring connections, to maintain grounding continuity between equipment and conduit system. X. Comply with NECA 1 for installation requirements applicable to products specified in Part 2 except where requirements on Drawings or in this Article are more restrictive. Y. Keep raceways at least 6 inches away from parallel runs of flues and steam or hot-water pipes. Install horizontal raceway runs above water and steam piping. Z. Complete raceway installation before starting conductor installation. AA. Arrange stub-ups so curved portions of bends are not visible above the finished slab. BB. Threaded Conduit Joints, Exposed to Wet, Damp, Corrosive, or Outdoor Conditions: Apply listed compound to threads of raceway and fittings before making up joints. Follow compound manufacturer's written instructions. CC. Raceway Terminations at Locations Subject to Moisture or Vibration: Use insulating bushings to protect conductors, including conductors smaller than No. 4 AWG. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 11 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT DD. Raceways for Optical Fiber and Communications Cable: Install raceways, metallic and nonmetallic, rigid and flexible, as follows: 1. 1 1/4-Inch Trade Size and Smaller: Install raceways in maximum lengths of 50 feet. 2. 1 1/2 Inch Trade Size and Larger: Install raceways in maximum lengths of 150 feet. 3. Install with a maximum of two 90-degree bends or equivalent for each length of raceway unless Drawings show stricter requirements. Separate lengths with pull or junction boxes or terminations at distribution frames or cabinets where necessary to comply with these requirements. EE. Expansion-Joint Fittings for RNC: Install in each run of aboveground conduit that is located where environmental temperature change may exceed 30 deg F and that has straight-run length that exceeds 25 feet. 1. Install expansion-joint fittings for each of the following locations, and provide type and quantity of fittings that accommodate temperature change listed for location: a. Outdoor Locations Not Exposed to Direct Sunlight: 125 deg F temperature change. b. Indoor Spaces: Connected with the Outdoors without Physical Separation: 125 deg F temperature change. c. Attics: 135 deg F temperature change. 2. Install fitting(s) that provide expansion and contraction for at least 0.00041 inch per foot of length of straight run per deg F of temperature change. 3. Install each expansion-joint fitting with position, mounting, and piston setting selected according to manufacturer's written instructions for conditions at specific location at the time of installation. FF. Flexible Conduit Connections: Use maximum of 72 inches of LFMC for recessed and semi- recessed lighting fixtures, equipment subject to vibration, noise transmission, or movement; and for transformers and motors. GG. Direct-Buried Conduit: 1. Excavate trench bottom to provide firm and uniform support for conduit. Prepare trench bottom as specified in Division 31 Section "Earth Moving" for pipe less than 6 inches in nominal diameter. 2. Install backfill as specified in Division 31 Section "Earth Moving." 3. After installing conduit, backfill and compact. Start at tie-in point, and work toward end of conduit run, leaving conduit at end of run free to move with expansion and contraction as temperature changes during this process. Firmly hand tamp backfill around conduit to provide maximum supporting strength. After placing controlled backfill to within 12 inches of finished grade, make final conduit connection at end of run and complete backfilling with normal compaction as specified in Division 31 Section "Earth Moving." 4. Install manufactured duct elbows for stub-ups at poles and equipment and at building entrances through the floor, unless otherwise indicated. Encase elbows for stub-up ducts throughout the length of the elbow. 5. Install manufactured rigid steel conduit elbows for stub-ups at poles and equipment and at building entrances through the floor. a. Couple steel conduits to ducts with adapters designed for this purpose, and encase coupling with 3 inches of concrete. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 12 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT b. For stub-ups at equipment mounted on outdoor concrete bases, extend steel conduit horizontally a minimum of 60 inches from edge of equipment pad or foundation. Install insulated grounding bushings on terminations at equipment. 3.03 CONSTRUCTION A. Fire Barrier Penetration Seals: 1. Penetration of fire barriers to be sealed under Division 07. B. Conduit Within Masonry: 1. Coordinate installation of conduit in masonry work. 2. Do not install conduit horizontally in masonry walls. 3. Conduits penetrating masonry walls shall not interrupt the vertical masonry wall reinforcing. Coordinate the location of reinforcement with Division 04. 4. Wherever multiple conduits pass through masonry walls, provide a minimum of 4 inches between adjacent penetrations. 5. Where ever more than two conduits 2 inches or larger are to pass through a masonry wall in the same location or where conduits of any size in a row equals a length of 3 feet or greater, prior approval from Architect shall be required before disturbing the wall. C. Arrange conduit to present a neat appearance. D. Arrange conduit to maintain headroom. In open spaces, conduits shall generally be installed as high as possible. E. Route conduits installed above ground floor slab parallel or perpendicular to building lines. Conduits installed below ground floor slab may be routed from point to point. F. Route conduit to avoid structural, mechanical, and plumbing obstructions, minimizing crossovers. G. Allow minimum of 1 foot clearance at flues, steam pipes, and other heat sources. H. Do not route conduits below the floor beneath boilers or within 12 inches of concrete pads for boilers. 3.04 CLEANING A. Prior to pulling any wire or cable into below grade conduits, swab conduits clean and free of water. B. Vacuum dirt and debris; do not use compressed air to assist in cleaning. THE KENT 26 05 30 - 13 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT 3.05 PROTECTION A. Provide final protection and maintain conditions that ensure coatings, finishes, and cabinets are without damage or deterioration at time of Substantial Completion. 1. Repair damage to galvanized finishes with zinc-rich paint recommended by manufacturer. 2. Repair damage to PVC or paint finishes with matching touchup coating recommended by manufacturer. END OF SECTION THE KENT 26 05 30 - 14 THE KENT Issue Date 05.09.18 CONDUITS THE KENT THIS PAGE IS LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK