HomeMy WebLinkAboutD-1794-06 Stormwater Management
r
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
ORDINANCE D-1794-06
AN ORDINANCE OF THE COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CARMEL. INDIANA.
REGARDING CITY OF CARMEL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
WHEREAS. 327 IAC 15-13 establishes specific requirements for municipal operators of separate
storm sewer systems to initiate and manage a program to manage and control stormwater runoff
associated with construction and post construction activities; and
WHEREAS. 327 IAC 15-13 establishes specific requirements for municipal operators of separate
storm sewer systems to initiate and_manage a program to regulate and prohibit Illicit Connections and
Illicit Discharges to the Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System; and
WHEREAS. it is in the interest of public health and welfare for the City to adopt a
comprehensive Stormwater Management Ordinance.
NOW. THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED by the Common Council of the City of Carmel,
Indiana, as follows:
Section 1: The foregoing Recitals are incorporated herein by this reference.
Section 2: That Chapter 6 of the Carmel City Code is hereby amended to add a new Article 7,
Sections 180 through 209, which shall read as follows:
"ARTICLE 7
~6.180 Purpose and Intent.
The purpose of this Ordinance is to provide for the health, safety, and general welfare of the citizens of the City of Carmel
through the regulation of Non-Stormwater Discharges to the Maximum Extent Practicable as required by federal and state law.
This ordinance establishes methods for controlling the introduction of Pollutants into the City of Carmel Municipal Separate
Storm Sewer System (MS4) in order to comply with requirements of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) program authorized by the 1972 amendments to the Clean Water Act, the Indiana Department of Environmental
Management's Rule 13 (327 iAC 15-13), and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management's Rule 5 (327 lAC 15-5).
The objectives of this ordinance are:
(1) To prohibit the release of Pollutants to the MS4 from construction activity.
(2) To prohibit the release of Pollutants to the MS4 from post construction runoff.
(3) To prohibit Illicit Discharges into the MS4.
(4) To establish legal authority to carry out all inspection, monitoring, and enforcement procedures necessary to
ensure compliance with this ordinance.
~.181 Definitions.
For the purposes of this ordinance, the following shall mean:
Page One of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E BasslMy Document~\ORD]:\A~CESlAmendCode\200b\STORMWATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW An 7 See 6-180tluu 20lJ,ooc:11lm.006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
Best Manaaement Practices lBMPs). Structural or nonstructural practices, or a combination of practices, designed to
act as effective, practicable means of minimizing the impacts of development and human activities on water quality.
Traditional structural BMPs, including extended detention dry ponds, wet ponds, infiltration trenches, and sand filtration
systems, are now common elements of most new development projects. Structural BMPs rely heavily on gravitational
settling and/or the infiltration of soluble nutrients through a porous medium for pollutant removal. Nonstructural BMPs,
which may be used independently or in conjunction with structural BMPs, rely on a much wider breadth of mechanisms
to prevent or control non-point source pollution. Nonstructural BMPs range from programs that increase public
awareness to prevent pollution, to the impiementation of control-oriented techniques (such as bioretention and
Stormwater wetlands) that utilize vegetation to enhance pollutant removal and restore the infiltrative capacity of the
landscape
Clean Water Act (CWA). The federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 9 1251 et seq.), and any subsequent
amendments thereto.
Construction Activity. Activities subject to a Stormwater Management Pennit. These include construction projects
resulting in land disturbance of % acre or more. Such activities include but are not limited to clearing and grubbing,
grading, excavating, and demolition. This term does not include routine ditch or road maintenance, minor landscaping
projects, agricultural land disturbing activities, forest harvesting activities, or individual building lots within a larger
permitted project.
Entity. An individual, association, organization, partnership, firm, corporation, or other person or group of persons
recognized by law and acting as either the owner or as the owner's agent.
Illicit Discharae. A direct or indirect Non-Stonnwater or Pollutant Discharge to the Storm Drainage System, MS4, or
Receiving Waters except as exempted in Section 11 of this ordinance.
Illicit Connections. An Illicit Connection is defined as either of the following:
A Stormwater Conveyance System, which allows an Illicit Discharge to enter the Storm Drainage System or
the MS4, including but not limited to any conveyances which allow any Non-Stormwater Discharge and any
connections to the Storm Drainage System', MS4, or Receiving Waters from indoor drains and sinks,
regardless of whether said drain or connection had been previously allowed, permitted, or approved by the
City of Carmel or,
Any conveyance connected from a commercial or industrial land use to the Storm Drainage System, MS4, or
Receiving Water which has not been documented in plans, maps, or equivalent records and approved by the
City of Carmel.
Industrial Activity. Activities subject to NPDES Industrial Permits as defined by 327 lAC 15-6-1 :12 (Rule 6).
Insoectina Authority. A City of Carmel representative or any other person authorized by the City of Carmel to perform
inspections.
Ordinance D-1794-06
Page Two of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E! Bas,\My Documenu\ORDlNANCES\AmendCode\2006\STORMWATER Ord ADDCh 6 NEW An 7 See 6-180 thru 209doc:lfI7/2006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP). The statutory standard that establishes the level of Pollutant reductions that
operators of regulated MS4s must achieve. The CWA requires that NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permits for
discharges from MS4s "shall require controls to reduce the discharge of Pollutants to the Maximum Extent Practicable,
including management practices, control techniques and system, design and engineering methods." This standard
applies to all MS4s regulated under the Phase I and Phase II (Rule 13) Stormwater rules. Compliance with the
conditions of Rule 13 and the series of steps associated with implementation of the required six minimum control
measures will satisfy the MEP standard. Compliance with the six minimum control measures requires the development
and implementation of BMPs. Implementation of the BMPs includes not only the actions necessary to initiate and
continue the use of specific control measures, but also, the enforcement actions, as applicable, to ensure that the
implementation of the control measures occurs.
Measurable Storm Event. Means a precipitation event that results in a total measured precipitation accumulation equal
to, or greater than, one-half (0.5) inch of rainfall.
Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Svstem (MS4). A Stormwater Conveyance System which is owned or operated by a
state, city, town, county, tribe, district, association, or other public body or a designated and approved management
agency under Section 208 of the Clean Water Act that discharges into Waters of the United States (40 CFR
122.26(b)(8)).
National Pollutant Discharae Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Discharae Permit. A permit issued by EPA (or
by a State under authority delegated pursuant to 33 USC ~ 1342(b)) that authorizes the discharge of Pollutants to
Waters of the United States, whether the permit is applicable on an individual, group, or general area-wide basis.
Non-Stormwater Discharae. Any discharge to the Stormwater Conveyance System that is not composed entirely of
Stormwater including, but not limited to: sewage, process wastewater, washwater, water containing pollutants, or any
other liquid, other than uncontaminated Stormwater, discharged from a facility.
Notice of Intent (NOI). A wrillen notification indicating an Entity's intention to comply with the terms of a specified
general permit rule in lieu of applying for an individual NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit and includes information
as required under 327 lAC 15-3 and the applicable general permit rule.
Pollutant. Anything that causes or contributes to pollution. Pollutants may include, but are not limited to: paints,
varnishes, and solvents; oil and other automotive fluids; non-hazardous liquid and solid wastes; yard wastes, including
grass, brush, leaves, and limbs; refuse, rubbish, garbage, liller, or other discarded or abandoned objects, ordinances,
and accumulations, so that same may cause or contribute to pollution; f1oatables, pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers;
hazardous substances and wastes; sewage, fecal coliform and pathogens; dissolved and particulate metals; animal
wastes; wastes and residues that result from constructing a building or structure; soil and sediments; and noxious or
offensive maller of any kind.
Premises. Any building, lot, parcel of land, or portion of land whether improved or unimproved including adjacent
sidewalks and parking strips.
Receivina Waters. Watercourses or Waters of the United States, or any body of water into which Stormwater is
discharged.
Storm Drainaae SYstem. A non-MS4 Stormwater conveyance system that ultimately discharges to an MS4.
Ordinance D-] 794-06
Page Three of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Cannel Engineering Department
(Z:\Law\E Bass\My Docum:nlS\ORDl!\A:\CES\AmendCode\200b\STORMWA TER Ord ADD Ch 6 ~W Art 7 See 6-1 80 tluu 209.doc: 111712006 3:S2 P:-'l]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
Stormwater Convevance Svstems. System of subsurface drainage systems, catch basins, and other drainage
structures including retention and detention facilities, municipal streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters, roads with
subsurface drainage systems, reservoirs, pumped piping systems, other drainage structures or watercourse.
Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). A document which describes the Best Management Practices and
activities to be implemented by an Entity to identify sources of pollution or contamination at a site and the actions to
eliminate or reduce Pollutant discharges to Stormwater, Stormwater Conveyance Systems, and/or Receiving Waters to
the Maximum Extent Practicable.
Technical Review and Comment Form. A fonn issued by the City of Carmel stating the SWPPP is adequate or stating
revisions needed in the SWPPP.
Trained Individual. An individual who is trained and experienced in the principles of Stormwater quality, including
erosion and sediment control as may be demonstrated by state registration, professional certification, experience, or
completion of coursework that enable the individual to make judgments regarding Stormwater quality control or
treatment and monitoring.
Watercourse. Means "Watercourse" as defined in the Carmel City Code.
Waters of the United States. A term used in federal regulations that defines all water bodies regulated as waters of the
U.S. It includes: (1) all waters which may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce; (2) all interstate
waters, including interstate wetlands; (3) all other waters, such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams (including
intermittent streams), mud flats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural
ponds; the use, degradation, or destruction of which could affect interstate or foreign commerce including any such
waters; (4) all impoundments of waters otherwise defined as waters of the U.S.; (5) tributaries of waters identified in
this section; (6) the territorial seas; (7) wetlands adjacent to waters.
~6.182 Applicability.
This Ordinance shall apply to all Construction Activity, direct or indirect Stormwater discharges, and Illicit Discharges entering
the Storm Drainage System, MS4, or Receiving Waters under the jurisdiction of the City of Carmel.
The City of Carmel, by and through its Board of Public Works and Safety, has the authority to modify, grant exemptions, and/or
waive any and all the requirements of this Ordinance. A meeting with the City of Carmel Engineering Department may be
requested by an Entity to discuss the applicability of various provisions of the Ordinance with regards to unique or unusual
circumstances. However, any initial determination of such applicability shall not be binding on future determinations of the City
of Carmel Engineering Department that may be based on the review of more detailed information and plans.
~.183 NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit.
Any Entity subject to an NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit shall comply with all provisions of such permit and the provisions
of this ordinance if the provisions of this ordinance are more restrictive than the NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit. Proof of
compliance with said pennit and this ordinance may be required in a form acceptable to the City of Carmel prior to allowing
discharges to the MS4.
Ordinance 0-1794-06
Page Four of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Luw\E Bass\My Document~\ORD1NANCES\AmendCode\2006\STORMWATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW An 7 See 6-180 thru 209doc:1f17/2006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
~.184 Responsibility for Administration.
The City of Carmel, by and through its Board of Public Works and Safety, shall administer, implement, and enforce the
provisions of this Ordinance. Any powers granted or duties imposed upon the City of Carmel may be delegated in writing by the
City of Carmel Board of Public Works and Safety to persons acting in the beneficial interest of or in the employ of the agency.
~6-185 Conflicting Ordinances.
The provisions of this Ordinance shall be deemed as additional requirements to minimum standards required by other City of
Carmel codes and ordinances, and as supplemental requirements to Indiana's Rule 5 regarding Stormwater Discharge
associated with Construction Activity and Indiana's Rule 13 regarding Stormwater runoff associated with MS4 conveyances. In
case of conflicting requirements, the most restrictive shall apply. Unless otherwise stated, the most recent versions or editions of
said codes, ordinances, laws, and statutes shall apply.
~-186 Stormwater Technical Standards Manual.
The City of Carmel Stormwater Technical Standards Manual, and amendments thereto, are hereby incorporated herein by
reference, with copies of the same being maintained in the Department of Engineering for public inspection during regular
business hours.
~.187 Interpretation.
Words and phrases in this Ordinance shall be construed according to their common and accepted meanings, except that words
and phrases defined in "Definitions" shall be construed according to the respective definitions given in that section. Technical
words and technical phrases that are not defined in this Ordinance but which have acquired particular meanings in law or in
technical usage shall be construed according to such meanings and as defined in 327 lAC 15-13 and 327 lAC 15-5 of the
Indiana Code and other City of Carmel Codes and Ordinances.
~.188 Severability.
The provisions of this Ordinance are hereby declared to be severable. If any provision, clause, sentence, or paragraph of this
Ordinance or the application thereof to any person, establishment, or circumstances shall be held invalid, such invalidity shall
not affect the other provisions or application of this Ordinance.
~-189 Ultimate Responsibility.
The standards set forth herein and promulgated pursuant to this ordinance are minimum standards; therefore, this Ordinance
does not intend nor imply that compliance by any Entity will ensure that there will be no contamination, pollution, nor
unauthorized discharge of Pollutants. The degree of protection required by this Ordinance is considered reasonable for
regulatory purposes. This Ordinance shall not create liability on the part of City of Carmel or any officer, representative, or
employee thereof, for any damage that may result from reliance on this Ordinance or on any administrative decision lawfully
made there under.
~.190 Discharge Prohibitions.
A. Prohibition of Illicit Discharges.
Ordinance D-1794-06
Page Five of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\LawIE Bass\My Document~\ORDI;>.rANCES\AmendCode\2006\STORMWATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW Art 7 Se~ 6-180 thru 209 doc: 1/17120063:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
1. No Entity shall discharge directly or indirectly or cause to be discharged into the Storm Drainage System,
MS4, or Receiving Waters any materials, including but not limited to, Pollutants or Non-Stormwater
discharges that cause or contribute to a violation of applicable water quality standards, other than Stormwater.
2. The commencement, conduct or continuance of any Illicit Discharge to the Storm Drainage System, MS4, or
Receiving Waters is prohibited except as described as follows:
a. The following discharges are exempt from the requirements of this Section: water line flushing or other
potable water sources, landscape irrigation or lawn watering, diverted stream flows, rising ground water,
ground water infiltration to storm drains, uncontaminated pumped ground water, foundation or footing
drains (not including active groundwater dewatering systems), crawl space pumps, air conditioning
condensation, springs, non-commercial washing of vehicles, natural riparian habitat or wetland flows,
swimming pools (if dechlorinated - typically less than one PPM chlorine), firefighting activities, and any
other water source not containing Pollutants.
b. Discharges specified in writing by the City of Carmel as being necessary to protect public health and
safety.
c. Dye testing is an allowable discharge, but requires a verbal notification to the City of Carmel prior to the
time of the test.
d. The prohibition shall not apply to any Non-Stormwater Discharge permitted under an NPDES Stormwater
Discharge Permit, waiver, or waste discharge order issued to the discharger and administered under the
authority of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, provided that the discharger is in full
compliance with all requirements of the permit, waiver, or order and other applicable laws and
regulations, including this ordinance, and provided that written approval has been granted for any
discharge to the Storm Drainage System, MS4, or Receiving Waters.
S. Prohibition of Illicit Connections.
3. The construction, use, maintenance, or continued existence of Illicit Connections is prohibited.
4. This prohibition expressly includes, without limitation, Illicit Connections made in the past, regardless of
whether the connection was permissible under law or practices applicable or prevailing at the time of
connection.
5. An Entity is in violation of this ordinance if the Entity makes an Illicit Connection or allows such a connection
to continue after service of a notice of violation. This ordinance requires an immediate cessation of the Illicit
Connection after service of the notice of violation.
~6.191 Watercourse Protection.
A. Improvement of Watercourse
Whenever a residential subdivision or commercial development constructs improvements upon lands, which is
traversed by a watercourse, the landowner/developer shall make improvements to said watercourse. These
improvements shall consist of the following:
Ordinance 0-1794-06
Page Six of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E Bass\'\{y Doeuments\ORDlNAr..:CES\AmcndCode\2006\STORMWA TER Ord ADD Ch 6 J\EW Art 7 See 6-180 thru 209 doc: 111712006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
1. All debris and obstructions within the channel (bank to bank) shall be removed. This shall include but not be limited
to logjams and trash.
2. Clear all trees which are dead and leaning at a 45 degree or greater angle or trees with roots that are exposed in
the channel and potentially will fall into the stream. In clearing, the tree shall be cut flush with the ground and
treated with an EPA-approved brush killer.
3. All stream bank erosion shall be repaired in an acceptable manner approved by the City of Carmel.
4. The above-required improvements must be reflected on the overall design plans for the development and
submitted to the City of Carmel for prior approval.
B. Maintenance of Watercourse
Entities owning property through which a Watercourse passes, or such an Entity's lessee, shall keep and maintain that
part of the Watercourse in accordance with this Ordinance and the City of Carmel Property Maintenance Code. In
addition, the Entity or lessee shall maintain existing privately owned structures within or adjacent to a watercourse, so
that such structures will not become a hazard to the use, function, or physical integrity of the watercourse. The Entity or
lessee shall not place or construct a privately owned structure(s) or other impairment as defined in the City of Carmel
Property Maintenance Code within or adjacent to the Watercourse such that is an impairment or a detriment (as
defined in the City of Carmel Property Maintenance Code) or in such a location that is in violation of the City of Carmel
Property Maintenance Code.
~.192 Storage of Pollutants.
Storage or stockpiling of pollutants within any floodplain district is strictly prohibited. Storage or stockpiling of pollutants on active
construction sites must include adequate protection and/or containment so as to prevent any such materials from entering any
temporary or permanent Stormwater conveyance or Watercourse.
~6.193 Access to Facilities.
A. The City of Carmel shall be permitted to enter and inspect any Premises subject to regulation under this ordinance or
subject to the conditions of a NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit as often as may be necessary to determine
compliance with this ordinance. If a said Premise has security measures in force, which require proper identification and
clearance before entry into its Premise, the owner of said Premise shall make the necessary arrangements to allow
access to representatives of the City of Carmel.
B. The City of Carmel shall be provided ready access to all parts of the Premises for the purposes of inspection, sampling,
examination and provided access to all records that must be kept under the conditions of a NPDES Stormwater
Discharge Permit or this Ordinance and shall be permitted to make copies of said records, and the performance of any
additional duties as defined by state and federal law and any other applicable codes, ordinances, or laws which would
otherwise have jurisdiction over the provisions of this ordinance.
C. Unreasonable delay or refusal to allow the City of Carmel access to a Premise subject to regulation under this
ordinance or subject to the conditions of a NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit is a violation of this ordinance.
Ordinance D-1794-06
Page Seven of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Cannel Engineering Department
[Z:\LawIE Bass\My Docum:nlSIORDINA!\CBS\AmendCode\2006\STORMW A TER Ord ADD Ch b NEW An 7 See 6-180 thru 20'l,doc 1/17120063:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
D. If the City of Carmel has been refused access to any part of the Premise, and The City of Carmel is able to demonstrate
probable cause to believe that there may be a violation of this Ordinance, or that there is a need to inspect and/or
sample any discharges as part of an inspection and sampling program developed to verify compliance with this
Ordinance or any order issued hereunder, and/or to protect the overall public health, safety, and welfare of the City of
Carmel, then the City of Carmel may seek issuance of a search warrant from any court of competent jurisdiction.
E. Any temporary or permanent obstruction to safe and easy access to the Premise to be inspected and/or sampled shall
be promptly removed by the owner of the Premises at the written or oral request of the City of Carmel and shall not be
replaced. The costs of clearing such access shall be borne by the owner of the Premise.
F. It shall be unlawful for the Entity of any Premise to refuse to allow the City of Carmel to enter upon the Premise for the
purposes set forth in Section 27 of this Ordinance.
~6.194 Monitoring of Discharges.
A. The City of Carmel shall have the right to install on any Premise, such devices as are necessary in the opinion of the
City of Carmel to conduct monitoring and/or sampling of the Premise's discharge.
B. The City of Carmel reserves the right to require the Entity of said Premise to install monitoring equipment as necessary.
The Premise's sampling and monitoring equipment shall be maintained at all times in a safe and proper operating
condition by the Entity at the expense of the Entity. Data resulting from said monitoring shall be provided to the City of
Carmel. All devices used to measure flow and quality shall be calibrated to ensure their accuracy.
~6.195 Removal of Mud and Other Substances from City Streets.
No entity shall, under any circumstance, cause any mud, dirt, sand, gravel, stone or other similar substance to be deposited
upon any City street at any time.
~6.196 Requirement to Prevent, Control, and Reduce Storm water Pollutants by the Use of Best Management Practices.
Any Entity responsible for a premise, which is, or may be, the source of an Illicit Discharge shall provide, at their own expense,
reasonable protection from an Illicit Discharge through the use of acceptable Best Management Practices (BMPs), as
determined by the City of Carmel. Acceptable BMPs are outlined in the City of Carmel Stormwater Technical Standards Manual.
This shall include any premise having an approved NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit.
~6-197 Notification of Spills.
Any Entity who knowingly or accidentally causes an Illicit Discharge shall immediately notify emergency dispatch services. A
written report concerning the Illicit Discharge shall be filed with the City of Carmel Engineering Department, by the dischargers,
within five (5) days. The written report shall specify:
A. The composition of the discharge and the cause thereof;
B. The date, time, and estimated volume of the discharge;
C. All measures taken to remedy the Illicit Discharge, and all measures proposed to be taken to prevent any
recurrence;
Ordinance 0-1794-06
Page Eight of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Cannel Engineering Department
[Z,\LawIE llas5\My Documents\ORDlNANCESlAmendCode\2006\STORMWA TER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW An 7 See 6.180 thru 209.doc: 1/1712006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
D. The name and telephone number of the Entity making the report, and the name and telephone number of the Entity
who may be contacted for additional information on the matter.
A properly reported Illicit Discharge shall be an affirmative defense to a civil infraction proceeding brought under this Ordinance
against an Entity for such discharge. It shall not, however, be a defense to a legal action brought to obtain an injunction, to
obtain recovery of costs or to obtain other relief because of or arising out of the Illicit Discharge. An Illicit Discharge shall be
considered properly reported only if the Entity complies with all the requirements of this section. This requirement does not
relieve the Entity from notifying other agencies as required by State or Federal regulations.
~6.198 Floodplain Management.
Filling of the land in the floodplain of a regulated drain or any natural stream or watercourse, that has a contributing drainage
area of 25 acres or more, located within the City of Carmel is prohibited. The use of the floodplain area for detention/retention
ponds or lakes is also prohibited. Floodplain boundaries are to be determined by using the 100-year Base Flood Elevation
(BFE) as shown on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the
Hamilton County 1-foottopographic data available on the Hamilton County GIS webpage.
A. If during the process of using the BFE and the Hoot topographic data it is determined that the FIRM is incorrect,
then a Letter of Map Revision (LOMR) to correct the FIRM is to be filed with FEMA. No filling of the floodplain,
either the floodplain shown on the FIRM or the floodplain determined by the Floodplain Study, whichever is more
conservative, will be allowed until an approved copy of the LOMR is provided to the City of Carmel.
B. If a FIRM does not establish a 100-year BFE for a regulated drain, natural stream, or natural watercourse, the
100-year BFE shall be established through a site specific Floodplain Study performed by a Professional
Engineer registered in the State of Indiana in accordance with the IDNR Hydraulic Modeling Guidelines.
1. If the drainage area for the Floodplain Study is greater then 1 square mile at the farthest downstream
point of the study, then the Floodplain Study must be submitted to IDNR - Division of Water for approval
and to the City of Carmel for review and comment. A copy of the final study, approved by IDNR -
Division of Water, must be submitted to the City of Carmel as part of the project requiring the study to be
completed.
2. If the drainage area for the Floodplain Study is less then 1 square mile at the farthest downstream point
of the study, then the Floodplain Study must be submitted to the City of Carmel for review and approval.
The City of Carmel will have the option to send the Floodplain Study to a consulting engineering firm for
review and comment, should the accuracy of the Floodplain Study be in question. The cost of the
consulting engineering firm's time will be the responsibility of the owner of the project and will need to be
consented to in a written agreement prior to any review of the Floodplain Study by the consulting
engineer.
C. The requirements of the section do not apply to the following:
1. Agricultural uses such as crop production, pastures, orchards, tree farms, planting nurseries, vineyards,
and general farming.
2. Forestry, wildlife areas and nature preserves.
3. County, City, or Township Parks
Ordinance 0-1794-06
Page Nine of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:ILaw\E BasslMy Documcnt~\ORDN"A:-lCES\AmendCode\2006\STORMW A TER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW Art 7 See 6-180 Ihru 209.doc: 1117/2006 3:~2 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
4. Public Streets, bridges, and roadways, as long as the crossing structure are properly sized to convey the
natural stream or watercourse and not raise the 100-year BFE.
5. Regional Detention Basins approved by the City of Carmel.
~.199 Storm water Management Permit Requirements and Procedures.
An approved Stormwater Management Permit shall be obtained prior to the initiation of any Construction Activities. In order to
obtain a Stormwater Management Permit, the applicant shall be the Entity responsible for accomplishing the Construction
Activity for which the Stormwater Management Permit was issued. In granting a Stormwater Management Permit, the City of
Carmel may impose such terms and conditions as are reasonably necessary to meet the purpose of this Ordinance. The Entity
shall insure compliance with such terms and conditions. Non-compliance with the terms and conditions of permits will be subject
to enforcement as described in Section 23 of this ordinance. The Entity shall inform all general contractors, construction
management firms, grading or excavating contractors, utility contractors, and the contractors that have primary oversight on
individual building lots of the terms and conditions of the Stormwater Management Permit and the schedule for proposed
implementation.
A. The project site owner shall submit an application for a Stormwater Management Permit to the City of Carmel. The
application will include a Stormwater Management Permit application form, construction plan sheets, stormwater
drainage technical report, a stormwater pollution prevention plan, the applicable fees, and any other necessary
support information, unless submitting to the Technical Advisory Committee, in which case, the owner shall insure
the required documents are included in the Technical Advisory Committee packet. Specific information to be
included in the application shall be prepared as state in the Storm water Technical Standards Manual Chapter
100. All plans, reports, calculations, and narratives shall be prepared in accordance with the City of Carmel
Stormwater Technical Standards Manual and signed and sealed by a professional engineer, registered by the
State of Indiana.
B. The City of Carmel will review each application for a Stormwater Management Permit to determine its
conformance with the provisions of this Ordinance. The City of Carmel will take one of the following actions:
1. Approve the SWPPP for active construction sites and for post-construction and provide a Technical Review
and Comment Form stating the "Plan is Adequate".
2. Approve the SWPPP for active construction sites and for post-construction subject to such reasonable
conditions as may be necessary to secure substantially the objectives of this Ordinance, and issue the
Technical Review and Comment Form stating the "Plan is Adequate" with said conditions outlined.
3. Provide a Technical Review and Comment Form stating the "Plan is Deficient" and indicating the reason(s)
and procedure for submitting a revised application andlor submission.
Any changes or deviations in the detailed plans and specifications after approval of the applicable Stormwater
Management Permit shall be filed with, and accepted by, the City of Carmel prior to the commencement of
Construction Activity involving the change. Applicable fees, with respect to the review of all drainage submittals,
preliminary plans, final plans, construction plans and accompanying information and data, as well as any
applicable pre-paid inspection fees, are due in accordance with the City of Carmel Department of Engineering Fee
Ordinance before any permit is issued. The City of Carmel shall have the right to not accept the drainage
improvements or to not accept the advancement of any project for which the applicable fees have not been paid.
Ordinance 0-1794-06
Page Ten of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Cannel Engineering Department
(Z:\r.a..-\E Bass\..~)' DocumentsIORDlf"A};CES\AmendCoM,1006\STORMW ATER Ord ADD Ch 6 ~EW An 7 See 6-180 thru 209 doc: 1117/2006 3:52 PM}
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
C. After receiving a Technical Review and Comment Form stating the "Plan is Adequate", the project site owner must
notify the City of Carmel and IDEM 48 hours before beginning construction, Notification shall be in the form of an
IDEM NOI form along with proof of publication of public notice, The publication must include the following:
"(Company name, address) is submitting an NOI letter to notify the City of Carmel and the Indiana
Department of Environmental Management of our intent to comply with the requirements of the City of Carmel
Stormwater Management Ordinance, as well as the requirements of 327 lAC 15-5 and 327 lAC 15-13, to
discharge stormwater from construction activities for the following project: (name of the construction project,
address of the location of the construction project, and Parcel Identification Number), Run-off from the project
site will discharge to (stream(s) receiving the discharge(s)),"
Once a permit has been issued and the updated NOI submitted to the City of Carmel and IDEM 48 hours
before beginning construction, construction may commence, A stop work order per Section 24 shall be
issued by the City of Carmel for all projects that are proceeding without such notification,
0, Once construction starts, the project owner shall monitor construction activities and inspect all stormwater pollution
prevention measures to ensure compliance with the City of Carmel's applicable ordinances and the terms and
conditions of the approved permit, in accordance with Section 22 of this Ordinance. Lack of maintenance of
stormwater pollution prevention measures during construction or failure to implement the approved SWPPP by the
approved schedule of implementation shall constitute a violation of this ordinance, subject to enforcement under
the provisions of this ordinance.
E, Upon completion of construction activities, as-built plans must be submitted to the City of Carmel.
F, The Entity must submit a Notice of Termination (NOT) letter to the City of Carmel once the construction site has
been stabilized and all temporary erosion and sediment control measures have been removed. The City of
Carmel shall inspect the construction site and verify the requirements for an NOT have been met. Once the
applicant receives a "verified" copy of the NOT, they must forward a copy to IDEM,
~.200 Individual Lot Plot Plan Permit Requirements and Procedures.
For individual lots disturbing less than one (1) acre, developed within a larger permitted project, a formal review and
issuance of an Individual Lot Plot Plan Permit will be required before a building permit can be issued. The individual lot
owner must complete a Residential Lot Plot Plan Permit application, in accordance with the Stormwater Technical Standards
Manual. In submitting the individual lot plot plan for plan review, applicable fees are due in accordance with the City of
Carmel Department of Engineering Fee Ordinance, These fees are due before approval for a plan can be issued, The
individual lot owner is responsible for installation and maintenance of all erosion and sediment control measures until the
site is stabilized, In instances where an NOT has been issued to the developer and there are multiple lots being developed
and a violation of this ordinance occurs that cannot be attributed to an individual lot owner, then all lot owners with active
construction shall, collectively, be found in violation,
~6-201 Performance Surety and Maintenance Guarantee.
As a condition of approval and issuance of the permit, the City of Carmel shall require the applicant to provide financial
performance and maintenance guarantees in accordance with Section 5,07 of the City of Carmel Subdivision Control
Ordinance. Said assurance will guarantee a good faith execution of the stormwater drainage plan, the SWPPP, the stormwater
quality management plan, and any permit conditions,
Ordinance D-I 794-06
Page Eleven of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Cannel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E Bass\My Documems\,ORDINANCES\AmendCode\20Q6\STORMWATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW Art 7 See 6-180 lhru 209doc:1I17/2006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
Notice of the scheduled date for completion of construction shall be provided to the City of Carmel at least seventy-two (72)
hours prior to its planned completion. The owner will schedule the final inspection, the storm drain and site grading.
Performance sureties will be released in accordance with Section 5.07.03.
~.202 Construction Activity Inspection.
A. A self-monitoring program shall be implemented for all permitted land disturbing activities. A Trained Individual
shall perform a written evaluation of the project site by the end of the next business day following each
Measurable Storm Event. If there are no Measurable Storm Events within a given week, the site should be
monitored at least once in that week.
B. The evaluation shall document the maintenance efforts of existing Best Management Practices to ensure proper
function in accordance with this ordinance; and identify additional measures necessary to remain in compliance
with all applicable statutes and rules.
C. Written evaluation reports include the following:
1. The name of the individual performing the evaluation;
2. The date of the evaluation;
3. Problems identified at the project site; and
4. Details of corrective actions recommended and completed
D. All evaluation reports for the project site shall be made available to the City of Carmel within forty-eight (48) hours
of a request.
E. The City of Carmel will perform inspections at their discretion to evaluate the installation, implementation, and
maintenance of control measures and management practices at any project site involved in Construction Activities
and provide necessary recommendations for conformance with the provisions of this ordinance and the
Stormwater Management Permit. Access to the construction project site shall be provided in accordance with
Section 14 of this Ordinance. If inspections are required outside the set inspection schedule (City of Carmel
Department of Engineering Fee Ordinance) than an additional re-inspection fee will be charged (City of Carmel
Department of Engineering Fee Ordinance).
F. A pre-construction meeting is required to be held with the participation of the City of Carmel and other entities
involved prior to any grading activity to ensure that appropriate erosion control measures have been implemented
on the site and the location of any existing tiles have been properly marked.
G. If after a recommendation is provided to the Entity, corrective action is not taken; the City of Carmel will pursue
enforcement in accordance with this ordinance.
Ordinance D-1794-06
Page Twelve of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E Bass\My Documenls\ORDI;-.rA~CES\AmendCode\2006\STOJl.MWATER OrdADD Ch 6 :.lEW Art 7 See 6-180thru 209.doc:1I1712006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
~.203 Post Construction Stormwater Quality Management.
The City of Carmel has established a minimum standard that the measurement of the effectiveness of the control of stonrwater
quality will be based on the management of Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The project site owner must submit to the City of
Carmel, a post-construction SWPPP that would show placement of appropriate BMP(s) from a pre-approved list of BMPs
specified in the City of Canrel Stormwater Technical Standards Manual and would demonstrate that the expected TSS loadings
in runoff associated with one inch of rainfall will be reduced by a minimum of 80% at the outfall(s) exiting the site. The noted
BMPs must be designed, constructed, and maintained according to guidelines provided or referenced in the City of Canrel
Stormwater Technical Standards Manual. Practices other than those specified in the pre-approved list may be utilized. However,
the burden of proof, as to whether the perfonrance (minimum 80% TSS removal) and ease of maintenance of such practices
will be according to guidelines provided in the City of Carmel Stormwater Technical Standards Manual, wouid be placed with the
applicant. Details regarding the procedures and criteria for consideration of acceptance of such BMPs are provided in the City of
Carmel Stormwater Technical Standards Manual.
The following activities are exempt from the requirements of this Section:
A. agricultural land-disturbing activities; or
B. timber harvesting activities; or
C. construction activities associated with a single family residential dwelling disturbing less than five (5) acres, when
the dwelling is not part of a larger common plan of development or sale; or
D. a single-family residential strip development where the developer offers for sale or lease without land
improvements and the project is not part of a larger common plan of development of sale; or
E. individual building iots within a iarger permitted project.
~6.204 BMP Maintenance.
BMPs shall be maintained in a condition that their effectiveness in treating runoff is not diminished, in accordance with the
Operation and Maintenance procedures and schedules listed in the Indiana Stormwater Quality Manual or the City of Carmel
Stormwater Technical Standards Manual, and the terms and conditions of an approved Stormwater Management Permit, and
shall not be subsequently altered, revised, or replaced, except in accordance with the provisions of an approved Stormwater
Management Permit (as amended or revised) or as approved by the City of Carmel. The BMP owner is considered in violation
of this ordinance if the BMP is not maintained properly.
Following the issuance of an NOT or the installation of an acceptable BMP, inspection and maintenance of the BMP(s) shall be
the long-term responsibility of the HOA or Entity as specified in restrictive covenants. The HOA or Entity is required to inspect
the referenced BMP(s) at least once per year. The inspections shall follow the Operation and Maintenance procedures included
in the City of Carmel Stormwater Technical Standards Manual and/or the Stormwater Management Permit for each specific
BMP. The inspection shall cover physical conditions, availabie water quality storage capacity, and the operational condition of
key facility elements. The HOA or Entity is required to submit a yearly inspection report form (City of Canrel Stonrwater
Technical Standards Manual) demonstrating proof of inspection, with the first report to be required one year after the HOA or
Entity gains ownership of the BMP(s), and subsequent reports due each year within the month of the original transfer of
ownership. Noted deficiencies and corrective actions taken should be included in the report.
Ordinance D-1794-06
Page Thirteen of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z;\Law\E Bass\My Documcnls'.ORDNANCES\AmendCode\20OblSTORMWATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW An 7 See 6-180 Ihru 209doc:lil7f2006 3:52 PM!
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
The City of Carmel has the authority to pertorm long-term inspection of all public or privately owned BMPs. Such inspections will
be in addition to that required to be performed by the HOA or the Entity on a regular basis. The HOA or Entity is in violation 01
this ordinance if an inspection report is not submitted to the City of Carmel within one month of the date due, if the HOA or Entity
fails to correct noted deficiencies within the allowed time period, or if the City of Carmel identifies a violation that was stated as
not existing in the submitted inspection report.
~6.205 Notice of Violation.
A. In the event an Entity has violated this Ordinance, the City of Carmel may order compliance by written Notice of
Violation to the Entity. Such notice may require without limitation:
1. The performance of monitoring, analyzing, and reporting;
2. The elimination of Illicit Connections or Illicit Discharges;
3. That Illicit Discharges shall cease and desist;
4. The abatement or remediation of the Illicit Discharge and the restoration of any affected property;
5. Payment of a fine;
6. The implementation of source controi and/or installation of acceptable BMPs;
7. Payment of any costs borne by the City of Carmel, including but not limited to, remediation costs, legal fees,
consultant fees, monitoring costs, construction costs, collection fees;
8. The instailation, implementation, and/or maintenance of the approved components of a SWPPP or other
erosion and sediment control practices as deemed necessary by the City of Carmel;
g. Issuance of a Stop Work Order; and/or
10. Revocation or suspension of the Stormwater Management Permit.
B. The City of Carmel may, without prior Notice of Violation, suspend Storm Drainage System or MS4 access to an
Entity in the form of a Suspension Order when such suspension is necessary to stop an actual or threatened Illicit
Discharge which presents or may present imminent and substantial danger.
C. The Notice of Violation or Suspension Order shall:
a. Be in writing;
b. Include a description of the property for identification;
c. Include a statement of the violation(s) and section violated and why the notice or order is being issued;
d. Include a description of corrective actions to be taken allowing a sufficient reasonable amount of time, of
at least one (1) day from the time the Notice of Violation or Suspension Order is given, to make the
repairs and improvements required to bring the property into compliance with the provisions of this
ordinance; and
Ordinance 0-1794-06
Page Fourteen of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E Bass\MyDocumenls\ORDr.-<ANCES\AmendCode\2006\STORMWATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW Art 7 See 6-180 thru 209.doc:l/17/2006 }:S2 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
e. Include a notice containing the right to appeal the City of Carmel's detenmination to the Board of Public
Works in accordance with Section 25 of this ordinance.
D. Reinspection of remedied vioiations will be assessed a reinspection fee in accordance with the City of Carmel
Department of Engineering Fee Ordinance.
E. If the Entity fails to compiy with a Suspension Order or fails to perform steps provided in a Notice of Violation
within the established deadline, then the City of Carmel may take steps as deemed necessary to prevent or
minimize damage or remediate a violation. All reasonable costs associated with the abatement or restoration shall
be assessed against the owner of the property and may be filed as a lien against the property in the amount of the
assessment. It shall be unlawful for any Entity, owner, agent or person in possession of any Premise to refuse to
allow the City of Carmel or its designated contractor to enter upon the Premise for the purposes set forth above.
F. In the event of a Suspension, the City of Carmel shall not reinstate suspended services or MS4 access to the
Entity until the Entity presents proof, satisfactory to the City of Carmel, the Illicit Discharge has been eliminated
and its cause determined and corrected. An Entity violates this ordinance if the Entity reinstates MS4 access to
Premises terminated pursuant to this section, without the prior approval of the City of Carmel.
G. in addition to the penalties listed above, if Construction Activities are conducted contrary to the provisions of this
Ordinance or a Stormwater Management Permit, the City of Carmel may order the work stopped by notice in
writing, in the form oj a StO? Work Order, served on any Entity engaged in the doing or causing of such work to be
done, and any such Entity shall forthwith stop such work until authorized by the City of Carmel to proceed with the
work.
~6.206 Appeal of Notice of Violation.
A. Any Entity receiving a notice of violation may appeal the determination of violation to the effect that a Notice of
Vioiation or Order served in accordance with this ordinance is in error, or should, due to hardship, be modified or
entitled to a variance from enforcement, or that a reasonable extension of time for the compliance should be
granted upon the grounds of a demonstrated case of hardship and evidence of an actual undertaking to correct the
violation, together with a legitimate intent to comply within a reasonable time period, may appeal to the Board of
Public Works for rescission of the Notice or Order, or for a modification, variance, or extension of time for
compliance.
B. A request for rescission, modification, variance, or extension of time shall be made in writing, to the City of Carmel
CierklTreasurer's Office, to be placed on the Board of Public Works and Safety agenda, within ten (10) days of the
Appeilant's receipt of a copy of the Notice or Order. The Board of Public Works and Safety shall schedule a hearing
within thirty (30) days of receipt of the request.
C. All hearings before the Board of Public Works and Safety shall be open to the public. The appellant, the appellant's
representative, and any persons whose interests are affected shall be given an opportunity to be heard.
D. Prior to ruling on an appeal, the Board of Public Works and Safety shall make the following findings:
1. The violator was served with a Notice or Order
2. The Notice or Order that was served stated the specific nature of the vioiation; corrective action to be taken to
abate the violation; and a specific time period for abatement of violation.
Ordinance D-l 794-06
Page Fifteen of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\LawIE Bass\My DocumentsIORDNA:-JCESlAmendCode\2006\STORMW ATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW Art 7 See 6_180 Ihm 209.doc: 1/1712006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
3. Within the time period stipulated by the Notice or Order, the violator failed to comply by not abating the
violation, and/or not bringing into compliance with this ordinance.
4. Upon expiration of the date indicated for compliance in the Notice or Order, the premises was being
maintained in violation of specific provisions of this ordinance andlor conditions imposed by Board of Public
Works and Safety as a prerequisite to the modification of a previous compliance order.
5. Determination that a violation exists on the premises.
E. At the conclusion of the hearing at which a continuance is not granted, the Board oj Public Works and Safety may
reverse, affirm, or modify the Order, Notice, requirement, decision or determination appealed from, and may make
such Order, requirement, decision or determination as justice would require. The Board's determination and
findings of fact shall be recorded and if a Notice or Order is affirmed or modified, the Board of Public Works and
Safety shall, in the determination on appeal, reestablish a reasonable timeline to make the repairs and
improvements required to bring the dwelling unit or structure into compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance.
F. Any entity, whether or not a previous party of the appeal, shall have the right to apply to the appropriate court for a
writ of certiorari to correct errors of law.
G. Appeals of notices and orders (other than Imminent Danger notices) shall stay the enforcement of the notice and
order until the Board of Public Works and Safety hears rules on the appeal.
~6.207 Transfer of Ownership.
No owner of any premise upon whom a Notice of Violation has been served shall sell, transfer, mortgage, lease or otherwise
dispose of to another until the provisions of the Notice of Violation have been complied with, or until such owner first furnishes
the grantee, transferee, mortgagee or lessee a true copy of any compliance order or Notice of Violation issued by the City of
Carmel and furnishes to the City 01 Carmel a signed and notarized statement lrom the grantee, transleree, mortgagee or lessee,
acknowledging the receipt of such Notice of Violation and fully accepting the responsibility without condition for making
corrections or repairs required by such Notice of Violation.
~.208 Penalties for Violations.
Violations of this Ordinance are subject to civil fines and penalties as prescribed by the provisions of the City of Carmel Code 01
Ordinances, General Provisions, Section 1-11 .
~6.209 Full Force and Effect.
This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its passage, signing by the Mayor and publication as required by
law.
All ordinances or parts thereof in conflict with the provisions of the Ordinance are hereby repealed."
Ordinance D-l 794-06
Page Sixteen of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E Bass\My Docume1l1s\ORDINANCES\AmendCode\2006\STORMWATER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEv.,' Art 7 See 6-180 thru 209doc:l/1712006 J:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
Section 3. All prior ordinances or parts thereof inconsistent with any provision of this Ordinance
are hereby repealed, to the extent of such inconsistency only, as of the effective date of this Ordinance.
However, the repeal or amendment by this Ordinance of any other ordinance does not affect any rights or
liabilities accrued, penalties incurred or proceedings begun prior to the effective date of this Ordinance.
Those rights, liabilities and proceedings are continued and penalties shall be imposed and enforced under
such repealed or amended ordinance as ifthis Ordinance had not been adopted.
Section 4. If any portion of this Ordinance is for any reason declared to be unconstitutional or
invalid, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Ordinance so long as
enforcement of same can be given the same effect.
Section 5. This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its passage and signing
by the Mayor.
:t PASSED by the Common Council
" .Jl~ 2006, by a vote of 7
of the City
ayes and
of Carmel, Indiana, this {p fI-^ day of
D nays.
COMMON COUNCIL FOR THE CITY OF CARMEL, INDIAN
Diana L. Cordray, lAMC, C erk- reasurer
Ordinance 0-1794-06
Page Seventeen of Eighteen Pages
Mark Rattermann
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\Law\E Bass\My Documents\ORDlKA~CES\AmendCode\2001'>\STORMWA rER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW Art 7 See 6-180 thru 209.doc: 111712006 3:52 PM]
SPONSOR(S): Councilor Fredrick Glaser
#
3 Presented byme to the Mayor of the City of Carmel, Indiana, this &
~Y"\.U.~ 2005, at '1:.3"2- O'clock, P . M.
day of
Diana L. Cordray, IAMC, C r -Treasurer
---I Approved by me, Mayor of the City of Carmel, Indiana, this !...o +"---
-..::1'~4_2005,at '1',3"L O'c1ock,.p M.
day of
I
ATTEST:
Diana L. Cordray, lAMC, Clerk- Tre ure
Ordinance D-1794-06
Page Eighteen of Eighteen Pages
Prepared by Carmel Engineering Department
[Z:\LawIE Bass\My DocumenlS\ORDrNA;..lCES\AmendCode\2006\STORMWA TER Ord ADD Ch 6 NEW Art 7 See 6-180 Ihru 209 doc 1/17.'20063:52 PM]