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CITY OF CARMEL - CLAY TOWNSHIP
HAMILTON COUNTY, INDIANA
APPLICATION FOR BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS ACTION
SPECIAL USE/SPECIAL USE AMENDMENT APPROVAL REQUEST
Fee $834.00, $111.00 per acre
DOCKET NO. ~!S> B8" 4 G tA. DAT~ RECEIVED: (l6/l11 0 1Po~
1) Applicant: _It A/\lf: I f--te J-( /if( (). ~ (ey, fer
Address:~ rrz. ~ WMQ,LDr. (1Y^~Q{:LA) 400J/_
projectNameJet~)'5 PhOne&Fax3/Z~4.'~~g C+]
Engineer/Architect: Phone:
Attorney: T~t:s Phone:~-46q3
Applicanrs ~atus: (!I1ec~ l~~ appropriate response)
2)
3)
(a) The applicant's name is on the deed to the property
(b) The applicant is the contract purchaser of the property
(c) Other: tea j t
4)
If Item 3) (c) is checked, please complete the following:
OwnerOfthepropertylnV~lved:~'- p ~'~6
Owner's address: J Ii '=:: I (J;r IvtiJ. D. (J:f.A-t1J nJ Phone: <3'4-4 - 3q q 3
Ii 4bo3z-
Record of Ownership:.'
Deed book No./lnstrument No.
Page:
" Purchase Date:
6)
5~e aDo I!~
Common address of the property involved:
Legal description:
8) State reasons supporti~g the Special Use: (Additionally, complete the attached question sheet entitled "Findings of
Fact-Special Use"). Per ~J MlS ~ o/ft- W Z!/z- (f€O'S ond. 1'-5
pmv ":'5 SU (['CBS 'fid ,'f) ~ b~i'(}f'$ MQ)/,e). ill n€#-T
p~~ of i~ ~fXY15/~ ip \ COilhY\W -tv SG'vc-tk-(
(DMhuf11 hj..~:,~~::' ~.,..a. retori-.
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9)
10)
11 )
12)
Present zoning of the Jroperty (give exact classification): b net{ i!J 8
Present use of the pro~erty:b~ Ngj'{
Size of loVparcel in qu~stion: ;;500 ~ /. du, arl!9 acres
Desc.nbethe proposed: use of the property: - - - hl IlPm4 110M(> Cl Lf'reJlT:1.Lt-
~ fJ.c1dlil'OA of Ol rKMOJ-,'on jlwr
13)
Owner occupied
Renter occupied X.
Other
Is the property:
14)
Are there any restrictions, laws, covenants, variances, special uses, or appeals filed in connection with this
property that would relate or affect its use for the specific purpose of this application? If yes, give date and docket
number, decision rendered and pertinent explanation.
~/ .
15) Has work for which thi~ application is being filed already started? If answer is yes, give details: (\)D,
Building Pe.rmit Number:
Builder:
16) If proposed special us~ is granted, when will the work commence? ~ /v1e d. i (jjf1~
17) If the proposed special use is granted, who will operate and/or use the proposed improvement for which this
apPI~~ as~OCJ.'o:ks
NOTE:
- LEGAL NOTICE shall be published in the Indianaoolis Star a MANDATORY twenty-five (25) days prior to the public
hearing date.:. The certified "Proof of Publication" affidavit for the newspaper must be available for inspection the night of the
hearing.
LEGAL NOTICE to all adjoining and abutting property owners is also MANDATORY, two methods of notice are
recommended:
1) CERTIFIED MAIL - RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED sent to adjoining property owners. (The white receipt
should be stamped by the Post Office at least twenty-five (25) days prior to the public hearing date.)
2) HAND DELIVERED to adjoining and abutting property owners (A receipt signed by the adjoining and abutting
property owner acknowledging the twenty-five (25) day notice should be kept for verification that the notice was
completed)
,
REALIZE THE BURDEN OF PROOF FOR ALL NOTICES IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE APPLICANT. AGAIN, THIS
TASK MUST BE COMPLETEDiAT LEAST TWENTY-FIVE (25) DAYS PRIOR TO PUBLIC HEARING DATE.
Page 2 of 8 - z:lshared\forms\BZA applications\ Special Use Application rev. 12129/2006
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AFFIDAVIT
I, hereby swear that I am the owner/contract purchaser of property involved in this application and that the foregoing
signatures, statements and answers herein contained and the information herewith submitted are in all respects true and
correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I, the undersigned, authorize the applicant to act on my behalf with regard
to this application and subsequent hearings and testimony.
_CbJeFILA- - El ( I: 5
(Please Print)
STATE OF INDIANA
SS:
County of
fYAffJl}.:TON
(County in which notarization takes place)
Before me the undersigned, a Notary Public
for f..Jflm JlUO rJ
(Notary Public's county of residence)
County, State of Indiana, personally appeared
CoL-8 e IV ,i!-,V I\J E L-u S
(Property Owner, Attorney, or Power of Attorney)
and acknowledge the execution of the foregoing instrument
this
jD-fJ(
day of
fYlfi1
,2001
~-~
.sUSAN &~
Notary Public--Plea e Pnnt
My commission expires: IP /; D /; Lj
(SEAL)
(SEAL)
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Coleen E.llis President/Owner
""'",'_L__"'~
I 72 East Carmel Drive, Carmel, Indiana 46032
Office: 317.569.6000 Fax: 317.569.9910
coleen_ellis@petangelmemorialcenter.com
www.petangelmemorialcenter.com
()
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PETITIONER'S AFFIDAVIT OF NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING
CARMEUCLA Y BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS
s~~
\p~ ~S
I (WE)
DO HEREBY CERTIFY THAT A LEGAL
(Petitioner's Name)
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE THE CARMEUCLAY BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS CONSIDERING
DOCKET NUMBER
, WAS GIVEN AT LEAST TWENTY-FIVE (25)* DAYS PRIOR
TO THE DATE OF THE PUBLIC HEARING TO THE BELOW LISTED OF ADJOINING AND ABUTTING PROPERTY
OWNERS:
OWNER
ADDRESS
STATE OF INDIANA
SS:
The undersigned, swear that the above inf mation is in all respects is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
..
County of ~.
(County in which notarization takes place)
for~A)
(Notary Public's county of residence)
Co/een ~?Iis :
(Property Owner, Attorney, or Power of Attorney)
Before me the undersigned, a Notary Public
County, State of Indiana, personally appeared
and acknowledge the execution of the foregoing instrument
this
(g
day of
<;
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Notary Public--Signature
{!;,;J117 " e S ~ /,.,
Notary Public--Please Print
My commission expires: f -:2 -0 J--'
/"':, /' -' :'
, ;,..' C" "."
"/.... .:-
* 10 day notice for BZA Hearing Officer Meeting.
Page 6 of 8 - z:\shared\forms\BZA applications\ Special Use Application rev. 12/29/2006
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Petitioner:
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CARMEUCLAV BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS
CARMEL, INDIANA
Docket No.:
C&rter
FINDINGS OF FACT - SPECIAL USE
. 1.
The
2.
~r&..
The Specia Use ill no~ injuriously or adversely affect economic factors, such as cost! nefit to the community
and its anticipated effect on surrQ,unding property values becau~T' L Yio K CL1 \\ M
-=thO.if. arc. (\0 eM {, sSt'nAS ~I\ --livP Ox 0'1 a \ .
The Special Use will be 'consistent with social/neighborhood factors, such as compatibility with existing uses and
those permitted under current zoning in the vicinity of the premises under consideration and how the proposed
S cial se wil.' affect neighborhood. integrity because: l.n.
" . l L 11::"'
rf~}~~'~s~ will not injuriously or adversely affect the adequacy and availability of water, sewage and storm
drainage faciliti~s a,nd olice and {lre pro ection be aus~:
3.
4.
II ..~f-
The Special Use will n adver ely affect ehicular and pedestrian traffic in and around th premises upon
~eF~se~~W:l~l\'tN bLUlril~SJlUdWL - kjuU,
The Board has reviewea the requirements of Ordinance Z -160, Section 21.03 (1-26) as they relate to this Special
Use, and does not find ~hat those criteria prevent the granting of the Special Use:
5.
6.
DECISION
IT IS THEREFORE the decisi,on of the Carmel/Clay Board of Zoning Appeals that Special Use Docket Number
is gra~ted, subject to any conditions stated in the minutes of this Board, which are incorporated
herein by reference and made a part hereof.
Adopted this
Ii
day of
,20_.
CHAIRPERSON, CarmeVClay Board of Zoning Appeals
SECRETARY, Carmel/Clay Board of Zoning Appeals
Conditions of the Board are listed on the back.
(Petitioner or his representative to sign).
"
Page 8 of 8 - z:\shared\formslSZA applications\ Special Use Application rev. 12/29/2006
Fax
To: CfJl/IIV'- cUiG
Fax: 5('1'f. 11/(>
From: Christine Barton-Holmes
Pages: including cover
Phone:
Date: (/ A1 't,'Z U/D"f
Re: 4f/f()(;,I~(ntJ~ cc:
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o For Review 0 Please Comment 0 Please Reply 0 Please Recycle
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Christine Barton-Holmes
Planning Administrator
City of Carmel
317.571.2417
fax 317.571-2499
cholmes@carmel.in.gov
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David Fineberg
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One East Carmel Drive, Suite 200, Carmel, Indiana 46032
p] 317-844-3993. f] 317-844-4673
e] David@FinebergGroup.com
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Animal Cremation Unit
fb~~I~!!!:~!~
For Private Cremations
Model S-27-G-F
S17~~i!ically Desig~d For: _ [I
. Private Pet Cremation Services
. Veterinary Practices
. Animal Control Facilities
. Humane Societies
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Capacity
200 POUNDS (91 KGS)
BATCH LOAD
65 POUNDS (30 KGS) PER HOUR (APX.)
Power Operated Vertical Door
Lined With High Temperature Composite Ceramic Fiber
Easy To Load --- Easy To Operate
23" Load Height -:Front Ash Removal
22" x 26" Load Opening
No Visible Emission - No Odors
Meets State And Federal Regulations
No Liquid Leakage .
Built In Liquid Retention With 3" Slope To Back Of TIle Hearth
Built For Long Life
Constructed Of3/16" Plate Steel, Lined With I" 1,900 Insulation
And 3" Heavy Duty Refractory
Pre-piped & Pre-wired And Assembled At Factory
Therm Tec, Inc. Has Designed, Engineered And
of'
Shipment Of Main Chamber And Secondary Cha
ber Fully Assembled
Two Stack Sections Included - Installed At Jobsite
Automatic Temperature Control For Maximum Efficiency
Fuel Saving Feature Of High - Low Control for Secondary Burner
On - Off Control for Primary Burner
Fuel Saving Preheated Air For Primary & Secondary Chambers
I CONSTRUCTION 11 S-27-G-F I
IDimensions: WxLxH I 48" X 90" X 81"
IPrimary Chamber Volume I -
27 CFT
Stack Sections, Two Each, 18" X 6' I Total 12'
Flanged
10 Gauge With 3" 2,300oF Refractory I
Lining
ILoad Door Lined With Hi-Temp 6"
,Composite
ILoad Door Opening 26" x 22"
ILoad Door - Outside Dimensions 32" x 35.5"
lAsh Removal Drawer 14" x 9.5"
IPrimary Burner Firing Rate 375,000 BTU Avg.
ISecondary Burner Firing Rate 375,000 BTU Avg.
IControl Panel, NEMA 12, U.L. #508A Included
INatural Gas/Propane Requirements 800 CFH
IOptional #2 Fuel Oil I 5.8 GPH
IElectrical Requirements I 115/60/1 30AMP
IPaint & Primer, Hi-Temp I 8000F To 1,200oF
IWeight Pounds I 6,500
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CREMATION INDUSTRY Since 1973.
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Specifically Designed For:
. Privale Pet lrem::Jtion Services
. Veterinary Practices
. Anil11::Jl lontmJ F::Jcilities
. Humane Societies
Capacity
200 POUNDS (91 KGS)
SA TCH LOAD
65 POUNDS (30 KGS) PER HOUR (APX.)
Power Operated Vertical Door
Lined With High Temperature Composite Ceramic Fiber
Easy To Load --- Easy To Operate
23" Load Height Front Ash Removal
22" x 26" Load Opening
No Visible Emission - No Odors
Meets State And Federal Regulations
No Liquid Leakage
Built In Liquid Retention With 3" Slope To Back Of Tile Hearth
Built For Long Life
Constructed 0f3/16" Plate Steel, Lined With 1" 1,900 Insulation
And 3" Heavy Duty Refractory
Pre-piped & Pre-wired And Assembled At Factory
Shipment Of Main Chamber And Secondary Chamber Fully Assembled
Two Stack Sections Included - Installed At lobsite
Automatic Temperature Control For Maximum Efficiency
Fuel Saving Feature Of High - Low Control for Secondary Burner
On - Off Control for Primary Burner
Fuel Saving Preheated Air For Primary & Secondary Chambers
CONSTRUCTION
S-27-G-F
http://www.thermtec.comlS27G.htm
Page 1 01 j
Animal Crem
For Private
Cremations
Model S-~
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4/30/2007
Animal Cremation Series
Page 2 of3
Dimensions: WxLxH I 48" x 90" x 81" I
Primary Chamber Volume 27 CFT
Stack Sections, Two Each, 18" x 6' Flanged Total 12'
10 Gauge With 3" 2,300oF Refractory
Lining
Load Door Lined With Hi-Temp 6"
Composite
Load Door Opening 26" x 22"
Load Door - Outside Dimensions 32" x 35.5"
Ash Removal Drawer 14" x 9.5"
Primary Burner Firing Rate 375,000 BTU Avg.
ISecondary Burner Firing Rate " 375,000 BTU Avg. I
IControl Panel, NEMA 12, U.L. #508A ~ Included I
INatura1 Gas/Propane Requirements 800 CFH
I
IOptiona1 #2 Fuel Oil " 5.8 GPH I
IE1ectrica1 Requirements 115/60/1 30AMP
Paint & Primer, Hi-Temp 8000F To 1,200oF
IWeight Pounds II 6,500 I
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CREMA nON INDUS~
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4/30/2007
Animal Cremation Series
Page 1 of2
..tlfo~fttO.~~I~
Animal
Cremation
Series
Design. Engineerillg 11l1tll'~/.f::.
Model S-18
Model S-27
II Specifically Designed For: II
Capacity
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. Humane Societies
. Animal Control Facilities
. Private Pet Cremation Services
. Veterinary Practices
rl
S-18
8-27
300 Pound Batch Load 400 Pound Batch Load
65 Pounds Per Hour (Apx.) 85 Pounds Per Hour (Apx.)
Easy To Load --- Easy To Operate
16" Load Height
22" x 26" Load Opening
No Visible Emission - No Odors
Meets State And Federal Regulations
No Grease Leakage
Built In Liquid Retention Dam
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MODEL S-18 SHOWN
Built For Long Life
Constructed Of3/16" Plate Steel, Lined With 1" 1,900 Insulation And 3" Heavy Duty Refractory
Pre- piped & Pre-wired And Assembled At Factory
(Stack Sections Installed On Site)
Automatic Temperature Control For Maximum Efficiency
High - Low Control for Secondary Burner
On - Off Control for Primary Burner
Fuel Saving Preheated Air For Primary & Secondary Chambers
~
CONSTRUCTION S-18 s=11 CONSTRUCTION S-18
Dimensions: W x L x H 37"x 64"x73" 37"x 82"x73" Primary Burner Firing Rate 400,000 Av
Primarv Chamber Volume 18.33 27.05 Secondary Burner F irin gRate 450,000 A \
Stack Section 3 Each - 6' Total 18' Total 18' Control Panel, NEMA 12 UL 508A Yes
(12 Ga. Steel With 3" 2,300 Deg. Refractory Lining) Natural Gas ReQuirements 850 CFH
Stack Diameter I 18" 18" Electrical ReQuirements 115/60/1 30 A
Load Door Opening I 26" x 22" 26" x 22" Paint & Primer -High Temp. 800 To 1,200 Deg. F.
I I
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4/30/2007
Animal Cremation Series
Page '2 011.
Load Door Size ( Outside)
32 x35 1/2"
32 x35 1/2 "
I Weight Pounds
6.944
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CREMATION INDUSTRY Since 1973.
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4/30/2007
Economic Impact Analysis of
Proposed Other Solid Waste
Incinerator Regulation
Draft Report
Prepared for
Tom Walton
u.s. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Innovative Strategies and Economics Group
MD-15
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared by
Research Triangle Institute
Center for Economics Research
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
EPA Contract Number 68-W7-0018
RTI Project Number 6807-305
September 1999
DRAFT
Table 3-4. Funeral Service and Crematory Establishments
1987
1992
Number of Total Number Number of Total Number
Annual Receipts Facilities of Employees Facilities of Employees
$10,000,000 or more 6 582 7 1,549
$5,000,000 to $9,999,999 16 1,070
$2,500,000 to $4,999,999 53 2253 92 2,950
$1,000,000 to $2,499,999 645 12,364 1,155 17,845
$500,000 to $999,999 2,331 22,075 3,272 25,879
$250,000 to $499,999 4,589 25,098 5,102 23,808
$100,000 to $249,999 4,797 15,238 3,850 10,632
$50,000 to $99,999 1,422 2628 787 1,476
$25,000 to $49,999 615 252 264 357
$10,000 to $24,999 216 205 90 83
Less than $10,000 27 4 33 29
Facilities not operated 843 1,432 979 2,740
entire year
Total 15,544 82,631 15,647 88,328
Source: u.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1995. 1992 Census of Service Industries,
Subject Series: Establishment and Firm Size (Including Legal Form of Organization). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
7
DRAFT
Table 3-5. Cemeteries (1992)
Total
10
39
103
407
538
676
995
771
680
831
645
795
6,490
Number of Employees
1,129
2,697
4,541
9,586
6,391
5,036
4,302
1,960
1,320
1,328
683
1,129
40, I 02
Annual Receipts
$10,000,000 $24,999,999
$5,000,000 to $9,999,999
$2,500,000 to $4,999,999
$1,000,000 to $2,499,999
$500,000 to $999,999
$250,000 to $499,999
$100,000 to $249,999
$50,000 to $99,999
$25,000 to $49,999
$10,000 to $24,999
Less than $10,000
Number of Facilities
Facilities not operated entire year
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1995. 1992 Census of Financial, Insurance,
and Real Estate Industries, Subject Series: Establishment and Firm Size (Including Legal Form of
Organization). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
3.1.4 Markets and Trends
Cremation's growth as a popular and acceptable method of disposition is expected to
continue. According to a study sponsored by CANA (1998), in the 10 years between 1987
and 1997 the number of cremations per year increased from 15.2 percent of all deaths to 23.6
percent. At this rate of growth, CANA estimates that approximately one-third of the
deceased in 2010 will be cremated.
Cremation is the fastest growing market in the death care industry (Zrinsky, 1998).
Table 3-6 compares the estimated growth in the number of crematories and annual cremation
rate. CANA anticipates a greater than 50 percent increase in the cremation rate between
1996 and 2010. To meet growing demand, the number of crematories is expected to grow by
58
8
DRAFT
Table 3-6. Estimated Growth in Number of Cremations and Crematories
Year
Percentage of Deceased Cremated
Number of Crematories
1996
1997
1998
2000
2010
21.37
23.59
23.78
25.41
33.22
1,205
1,256
1,305
1,407
1,907
Source: Cremation Association of North America (CANA). 1998. 1996/97 Cremation Container, Disposition.
and Service Survey. Chicago, IL: Cremation association of North America.
percent. The areas with the largest growth are Texas, California, Louisiana, the Prairie
states, Florida, and the Carolinas.
CANA's 1998 study identified several trends influencing the growth in the demand
for cremation services:
. People are Ii ving longer. In 1997, a man could expect to live just over 73 years, a
woman about 80 years. A longer-living and large elderly population will force a
change in customs and education.
. The death rate will be higher as the baby boomers move into their golden years,
increasing the demand for funeral services.
. The elderly are migrating to retirement locations. As people relocate to
retirement locations, such as Arizona, California, and Florida, they lose ties with
their home communities. Traditional burials are often more for the benefit of the
living (relatives) than as a homage to the dead because they provide a forum for
survivors to grieve and to begin to recover from the loss of a loved one (NFDA,
1999a). Elderly people in retirement areas have few ties to the local community,
and any relationships formed are generally with people of their own demographic
group. In retirement communities, cremation is considered a dignified,
economical method for disposing of human remains.
. The origins of immigrants are changing. Immigrants from cultures where
cremation is considered the best and most appropriate form of disposition, such as
India and East Asia, and their descendants generally choose cremation once they
settle in the United States.
9
DRAFT
. The education level is rising. As society becomes more educated, the need for
complicated, traditional services diminishes (Zrinsky, 1998). The educated
consumer seeks more simplistic methods of disposing of the body. Also, pre-
planning and pre-paying for funeral services is becoming quite common.
Individuals paying for their own funeral may select cremation as the least
expensive and least troublesome method. Cremation is both the simplest and
generally the most cost-effective service. By 2010, cremation will be more
popular than traditional burial services in the Pacific and Mountain states and in
New England (CANA, 1998).
. Cremation is more acceptable as a normal form of disposition. Funeral directors
hold a more favorable opinion of cremation now because the costs of providing
traditional burial services and merchandise have risen. Cremation services
require lower overhead, possibly increasing the profit margin (Zrinsky, 1998).
Educated customers are more interested in simple services and would like to save
money.
. Cremation reduces land pressure from cemeteries. About two-thirds of cremated
remains are either buried or placed in a mausoleum. Burying cremated remains
or placing them in a niche at a mausoleum reduces the amount of land required to
inter one person; therefore, the pressure cemeteries place upon the environment
decreases. This trend is especially significant where open space is scarce and
only available at a premium, such as metropolitan areas and mountainous regions.
3.2 Veterinary Industry
The U.S. veterinary industry (SIC 07) provides medical and other care services for
more than 300 million dogs, cats, fish, livestock, birds, and other species. Table 3-7 presents
the number of, and types of species cared for by veterinarians and their support technicians.
The veterinary medical industry can be subdivided into livestock veterinarians (SIC 0741),
companion animal veterinarians (0742), and other veterinary services (0752), such as pet
cemeteries and crematories. Although animal care providers include publicly funded animal
shelters, zoological parks, and animal control units, this profile concentrates on private-
sector practices, categorized under SIC 074 and 075, because they comprise an
overwhelming majority of the industry. Private veterinary clinics and pet cemeteries and
crematories operate the majority of animal cremation units.
Livestock veterinarians help maintain the quality of the American food supply by
caring for food animals. Practices focus on treating injuries, providing vaccinations against
the spread of disease, and caring for diseased livestock. The latter two services are the most
10
DRAFT
Table 3-7. Companion Animal and Livestock Population, 1996 (millions)
1991 1996
Companion Animals 153.5
Dogs 52.5 52.9
Cats 57.0 59. t
Birds t 1.0 12.6
Horses 4.9 4.0
Rabbits 4.6 5.9
Reptiles 2.0 2.6
Rodents 3.9 4.8
Livestock 3.4 6.0
Others 5.8 5.6
Livestock 677.4
Cattle and Calves 101.3
Hogs and Pigs 55.9
Sheep 7.9
Chickens 303.2
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association, Center for Information Management. 1997. U.S. Pet
Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook. Schaumburg, IL: American Veterinary Medical
Association.
important because each year the livestock industry loses $3 billion in livestock to disease.
Preventative medicine is integral to maintaining ranch and farm productivity and profitability
(Lesser, 1998).
Companion animal veterinarians care for household pets and horses, focusing on
animal health and protecting humans and pets from animal-borne diseases like rabies. Over
45,000 veterinarians provide services such as vaccination, dentistry, surgery, and routine
health care for the U.S. pet population at about 20,000 animal hospitals and clinics.
When animals die they might be cremated at veterinary practices or at special animal
cemeteries and crematories. Many veterinary practices operate animal crematories onsite to
11
DRAFT
provide memorial services for a family pet or to cremate the remains of diseased and
abandoned animals. Often pet crematories operate as subcontractors, cremating large
numbers of animals for fees paid it by veterinary clinics or other organizations. Pet
crematories operate in similar fashion to human crematories; animal remains are cremated
and then placed in an urn for a keepsake or for scatter or burial. If the animal is not a family
pet, it may be cremated along with a number of other species in mass disposal operations.
This practice is more typical for abandoned animals and livestock, such as chickens.
More than 26,000 veterinary clinics and hospitals operate in the United States.
According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, in t 998 the average
establishment generates $422,22 t in annual revenues from medical services, retail sales of
pet products and pharmaceuticals, and other services, such as cremation (see Table 3-8). The
market for veterinary services is valued at approximately $ t t billion a year.
Table 3-8. U.S. Veterinary Practices, 1998
Number of Vets Mean Gross
Type of Practice Number Percent per Practice Practice Revenue
Large Animal Exclusive 1,078 4.1 2.03 448,412
Large Animal Predominant 1,871 7.2 2.53 523,214
Mixed Animal 1,553 5.9 2.43 459,239
Small Animal Predominant 3,313 12.7 2.01 430,164
Small Animal Exclusive 15,880 60.7 1.82 420,813
Equine 1,234 4.7 1.65 325,204
Unclassified 1,224 4.7 1.54 277 ,058
Total 26,153 100.0 1.92 422,221
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association, Center for Information Management. 1998. "Veterinary
Market Statistics-U.S. Veterinarians." <http://www.avma.org/cimlvstatl.htm>. As obtained April
26, 1999.
Between t 985 and t 993 the median veterinary practice revenue increased 75 percent
(see Table 3-9). The industry's growth is attributed to the growth in the number of
companion animals and the increased variety of services. More households are keeping
animals as pets, increasing the demand for routine medical procedures and animal surgery.
In addition, large animal veterinarians are increasing as the number of cattle and other food
animals in the U.S. grows (Lesser, t 998). A third factor is veterinary health insurance.
12
DRAFT
Table 3-9. Median Gross Practice Revenue, 1985 to 1995 (1995 $MM)
Year
Median Gross Revenue
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
264,162
272,077
296,168
304,095
352,557
Source: American Veterinary Medical Association (A VMA), Center for Information Management.
1994. Economic Report on Veterinarians and Veterinary Practices. Schaumburg, IL:
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Insurance providers have devised animal health care plans structured in the same way as
human health care plans. Health insurance allows owners to provide comprehensive,
long-term care and surgery to debilitated pets rather than resorting to euthanasia.
3.2.1 Supply Side
3.2.1.1 Veterinary Cremation Process
There are many different classes of veterinary crematories; however, the technology
employed by each unit-type is essentially the same. Crematory technology has changed little
in the latter half of the twentieth century. Crematories are typically large, front-loaded or
automatic feed units that weigh between 15,000 and 20,000 pounds. Remains are combusted
in two chambers at an average rate of 75 to 450 pounds per hour (Crawford Equipment,
1999). Capacity varies according to the size of the animal being cremated; livestock and
horse crematories are generally larger than units used for dogs and cats. Some units employ
automatic feed technology if the facility cremates large numbers of animals on a regular
basis. Crematories use natural gas and propane to facilitate the combustion process.
Animal cremation units operate in the same fashion as those for humans. The
primary chamber is preheated to about 700 OC. The body is either enclosed in a combustible
container, such as a cardboard box or plastic bag, or the body is placed directly into the unit.
The operator increases the temperature to between 900 and 1,100 oc. The body stays in the
primary chamber between 1 and 3 hours, depending on the number and size of the bodies.
After the remains have cooled, the bones are crushed to the consistency of coarse sand if the
13
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