HomeMy WebLinkAboutSound Level Assessment
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MUELLER PROPERTY NORTH
SAND AND GRAVEL OPERATION
SOUND LEVEL ASSESSMENT
PREPARED FOR
MARTIN MARIETTA MATERIALS, INC.
PREPARED BY
SKEllY AND lOY, INC.
ENGINEERS-CONSULTANTS
JANUARY 2005
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MUELLER PROPERTY NORTH
SAND AND GRAVEL OPERATION
SOUND LEVEL ASSESSMENT
PREPARED FOR
MARTIN MARIETTA MATERIALS, INC.
1980 EAST 116TH STREET, SUITE 200
CARMEL, INDIANA 46032
PREPARED BY
SKELL YAND LOY, INC.
ENGINEERS-CONSULTANTS
2601 NORTH FRONT STREET
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17110
JANUARY 28, 2005
1602227
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
2.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACOUSTICS PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................... 5
3.0 EXISTING ACOUSTICAL ENViRONMENT...... ...... ... .. ............ 6
4.0 SPECIAL USE APPLICATION:
IMPLICATIONS ON THE ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT ................. 12
4.1 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.0 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.0 APPENDICES
APPENDIX A - NOISE MONITORING SITE SKETCHES
APPENDIX B - GLOSSARY OF ACOUSTICAL TERMS
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NO.
1.1
3.1
4.1
NO.
2.1
3.1
NO.
3.1
LIST OF DRAWINGS
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
MUELLER PROPERTY NORTH LOCATION MAP... ....... ............. 2
MUELLER PROPERTY NORTH NOISE MONITORING LOCATION MAP ..... 7
MUELLER PROPERTY NORTH/SAND AND GRAVEL OPERATION
NOISE CONTOUR MAP .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
LIST OF FIGURES
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL SOUND LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
24-HOUR SOUND DATA .......................................... 11
LIST OF TABLES
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
AMBIENT MEASUREMENT SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. (Martin Marietta) has proposed to expand its existing sand
and gravel mining operations onto an adjacent tract of land to access the known mineral reserves
(referred to as the Mueller Property North). Refer to Drawing 1.1 for a general Project Location
Map. The existing facilities in the region owned by Martin Marietta include the Carmel Sand Plant
and the North Indianapolis Plant, both located in Carmel, Indiana. Skelly and Loy, Inc. has
performed a baseline sound study to determine existing conditions in the area and to assess the
potential for increased sound levels as a result of the proposed expansion. Noise monitoring was
performed at several locations (September 16 and 17,2003, and June 21 through June 23, 2004)
adjacent to the existing Carmel Sand Plant to determine contributions from operations to the local
acoustical environment.
Computer noise modeling was performed to assess the acoustical implications of expanding
onto the Mueller Property North. Reference sound-level emission levels for machinery proposed
on-site were obtained through field measurements. Several scenarios were computer-modeled to
create sound contours reflecting various future conditions. Noting that the acoustics will change
as mining progresses on the subject property, modeling was performed to simulate several periods
in the future which assumed extraction of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the reserves for the
subject property. A three-dimensional terrain model considering pit depth, existing and proposed
earthen berms, and proposed contours was used in the modeling to obtain a reasonable estimate
of sound emissions, including dispersion and attenuation, throughout the project area.
The results indicate that no facet of the proposed sand and gravel mining on to Mueller
Property North will create adverse acoustical conditions relative to existing sound levels on
adjoining lands. Extraction elevations coupled with the terrain change and proposed berm
construction/placement substantially attenuate the sound emitted on each property. Therefore, the
modeling coupled with existing noise measurements indicate that the proposed expansion will not
adversely affect the acoustical environment on adjacent lands.
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Martin Marietta Materials, 'neM
Mueller Property North
LOCATION MAP
Quadrangle, Fishers, Indiana
OWN BY:
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DATE:
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. has proposed to expand its existing mining operations onto
an adjacent tract of land to access known mineral reserves (referred to as the Mueller Property
North). A special use application was submitted for sand and gravel extraction on Mueller Property
North. The property is located west of Hazel Dell Parkway and north of 106th Street. This report
documents the results of a sound level study undertaken to determine the acoustical influence of
the proposed expansion on the adjacent land uses.
2.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACOUSTICS PRINCIPLES
Noise is defined as "unwanted sound." Therefore, it can be considered a psychological
phenomenon and not a physical one. The roar of race cars adds to the excitement of spectators,
and hence would be considered sound. This same roar may annoy nearby neighbors, thereby
becoming noise. Factors playing a role in the perception of sound include magnitude, amplitude,
duration, frequency, source, and receiver. Nevertheless, researchers have established a fair
correlation between the measurement of sound, the A-weighted decibel (dBA), and its associated
perceived human response. Figure 2.1 represents this correlation of qualitative and quantitative
descriptions.
The A-weighted scale refines the sound measurement unit of decibels to match the
response of the human ear. It accounts for the fact that sounds of equal amplitude but different
frequencies are not necessarily perceived to be equally loud. While the human ear can detect
sounds from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, it is more sensitive to frequencies between 500 and 4,000
Hz. To account for this occurrence, the A-weighted scale has been developed to place an
emphasis on those frequencies which are more detectable to the human ear. The A-weighted
scale, which has been in existence for over 40 years, is generally used in community and city noise
ordinances and is expressed in units of dBA (decibels in the A-weighting).
Because sound is actually an energy level, it must be recorded on a logarithmic scale and
expressed in logarithmic units called decibels (dB). Given this scale, a doubling of a noise source
will result in a 3-decibel increase in total level (Le., 50 dBA + 50 dBA = 53 dBA, not 100 dBA).
Typically, a change in sound level between 2 and 3 dBA is barely perceptible, while a change of
5 dBA is readily noticeable by most people. A 1 O-dBA increase is usually perceived as a doubling
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Overall Quality
140
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120- Threshold of Pain
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70- -Loud
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of Hearing
Martin Marietta Materials, IncM
Mueller Property North
Figure 2.1
Examples of Typical
Sound Levels
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of loudness; and conversely, noise is perceived to be reduced by one-half when a sound level is
reduced by 10 dBA.
Sound is also variable with the passage of time. When sound emission levels change (i.e.,
volume increased or decreased) or source/receptor relationships change (Le., vehicle approaches
and passes) over time, sound levels sensed at a given point can vary considerably. To account
for this occurrence, several noise descriptors have been developed. The equivalent level or Leq
is commonly used in community noise studies. The Leq is the constant, steady state sound level
that, over a given period of time, would have the same acoustic energy as the actual varying level.
In a sense, it is the average level, recognizing that the decibel is derived logarithmically. The Leq
is reported for a given period of time, usually one hour, expressed Leq(h).
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2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. has proposed to expand its existing sand and gravel mining
operations onto an adjacent tract of land to access known mineral reserves (referred to as the
Mueller Property North). The special use application for Mueller Property North includes the
extraction of sand and gravel. The site is located north of 106th Street, west of Hazel Dell Parkway
in the City of Carmel, Clay Township, Hamilton County, Indiana (shown on Drawing 1.1).
Mueller Property North: The sand and gravel operation on the Mueller Property
North will be a wet operation using a floating suction dredge. To reach the sand
and gravel, Martin Marietta must remove approximately five feet of topsoil and non-
aggregate material known as "overburden." Overburden will be removed using
earthmoving equipment such as pans, front-end loaders, etc. Martin Marietta plans
for overburden removal to be completed during the hours of 6:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M.
during the months of November through March (except as necessary to construct
the visual and noise barrier described below) and only on days other than Saturday
or Sunday or holidays. Once a portion of the overburden is removed and the berms
are in place, the sand and gravel extraction will commence on the Mueller Property
North using the same techniques used at the existing Carmel Sand Plant (wet
extraction). A floating suction dredge will start along the northern property and will
progress into the Mueller Property North. Booster pumps will help convey the sand
and gravel through a pipe to the Carmel Sand Plant located north of the Mueller
property. Due to the nature of the deposit, overburden depth, and groundwater
levels, the floating dredge will operate at an approximate water elevation of 729 msl
(16 to 20 feet below the existing grade).
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3.0 EXISTING ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT
The existing acoustical environment surrounding the proposed Mueller Property North
expansion area was assessed using conventional noise monitoring procedures. The intent was
to document current sound levels at adjacent residential areas (Kingswood Subdivision) associated
with the Carmel Sand Plant and other ambient sounds. This facility is located in Carmel, Indiana,
and is roughly bounded by the Hazel Dell Parkway to the east, East 106th Street to the south, the
Kingswood Subdivision to the west, and Cool Creek to the north (see Drawing 1.1). Activity at the
Carmel Sand Plant is concentrated on the southern half of the property (the northern half of the
property being previously mined), with primary acoustic contributions coming from the crushing/
screening plant, truck activity, and front-end loaders. Additionally, the North Indianapolis Plant is
located approximately one-half mile south of the Carmel Sand Plant, but is far enough removed
that it does not contribute to the acoustic environment near the Carmel Sand Plant.
Noise measurements were taken at 18 sites on both the existing Carmel Sand Plant
property as well as the northern section of the Mueller Property North. Additionally, five sites were
located in the Kingswood Subdivision interior to determine sound levels in the community. Drawing
3.1 identifies the specific noise monitoring locations. Noise levels from these monitoring periods
are reported in Table 3.1, Ambient Measurement Summary.
Sites Berm 1 through Berm 14 were taken along the western edge of the Carmel Sand Plant
property line, directly adjacent to the Kingswood Subdivision. Sites Berm 1 through Berm 7 were
located along the top of the existing earthen berm, while sites Berm 8 through Berm 14 were
located behind the earthen berm adjacent to the Kingswood Subdivision property line. This
grouping of sites provides a sample of the overall sound levels from the Carmel Sand Plant at the
residential property line, as well as a measure of the berms' attenuation. Measurements were
primarily collected during plant operations, although Sites Berm 5 and Berm 12 were measured for
a 24-hour duration to obtain nighttime and background noise levels. Comparison of the operating
versus non-operating conditions highlights the contributions of the plant to the ambient sound
levels.
A second set of sites was placed along the southern boundary line of the Kingswood
Subdivision. As with the previously defined "Berm" sites, data were collected during both operating
and non-operating conditions. These sites are designated XP1 through XP4 on Drawing 3.1.
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LEGEND
CM _,,:- : - :::::J Existing Martin Marietta Mine
Mueller Property Boundary
Municipal Boundary
- - - - - Existing Road
- . . . - . .. - Existing Rivers, Lakes, and Streams
- - - - - Mueller Property North Permit Boundary
--- Right Of Way Line
- - - - - Proposed Limit of Extraction
BIII/~/151III Monitored Sites
~ Sound Levels (dBA) - Plant Operating
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NOTE: THE PROPERTY LINE INFORMATION PORTRAYED ON THIS
MAP IS AN APPROXIMATE REPRESENTATION BASED ON DATA
PROVIDED FROM THE HAMILTON COUNTY GIS DEPARTMENT AND
PROPERTY BOUNDARY SURVEYS FOR THE E. & H. MUELLER
DEVELOPMENT L.L.C. PROPERTIES.
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LOCATION MAP
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TABLE 3.1
AMBIENT MEASUREMENT SUMMARY
EXISTING SOUND LEVEL
MEASUREMENT SUMMARY
LOCATION SITE 1.0. (Leq [10 MINUTES] IN dBA)
PLANT PLANT NOT
OPERATING OPERATING
Berm 1 54 54-57
Berm 2 57 54-57
Berm 3 57 54-57
Top of berm west of Carmel Berm 4 60 54-57
Sand Plant
Berm 5 61 54-57
Berm 6 63 54-57
Berm 7 61 54-57
Berm 8 57 54-57
Berm 9 57 54-57
Berm 1 0 55 54-57
Behind berm west of sand Berm 11 58 54-57
and gravel operation
Berm 12 54 54-57
Berm 13 55 54-57
Berm 14 59 54-57
XP1 48 47-50
XP2 47 47-50
Proposed Expansion XP3 47-50
50
XP4 61* 47-50
BK1 50 47-50
BK2 47 47-50
Kingswood Subdivision BK3 51 47-50
BK4 49 47-50
BK5 50 47-50
Note:
* Site is influenced by Clay/Carmel Community Recreation Area
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A third set of sites was placed within the Kingswood Subdivision community to document
existing background noise levels. The measurements were taken when the plant was in operation
although generally the plant was inaudible and sound levels were heavily influenced by typical
ambient noises (local traffic, insect noise, lawn mowing etc.).
All of the sites were monitored for a minimum of ten-minute intervals. Relevant monitoring
standards (ANSI Standard S1.13-1995) were adhered to. The noise measurements were taken
at each of the 18 locations with and without the influence of the operation of the Martin Marietta
Materials Carmel Sand Plant. The location of the measurement sites was established to determine
the current effectiveness of the existing earthen berm along the west side of the property, as well
as document the existing sound levels.
All sound levels are reported as Leq in decibels, using the A-weighted (dBA) scale.
Additional information documented during the monitoring period included the identification of major
noise sources and unusual noise events (Le., aircraft fly-bys, dogs barking, insect noise).
Appendix A contains the Noise Monitoring Site Sketches. All monitoring was performed according
to relevant standards using Metrosonics db-3080 sound analyzers. Calibration of the meters was
performed with a Metrosonics c1-304 Calibrator. This equipment meets all standards of the
American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, ANSI S1.4-1983 (R1990).
The "berm" monitoring sites are acoustically affected by contributions from the Carmel Sand
Plant as well as background sounds (insect noise, rustling leaves, community noise, etc.). The
combination of these two sources makes up the overall monitored level of these sites. While the
Carmel Sand Plant influences certain sites on top of the berm, background sounds such as insects
(Le., cicada noise, cricket noise) had a heavy influence for many of the "berm" sites due to the
vegetation. The vegetation on the berm, combined with the season (Summer/Autumn) yielded
insect noise which affected sound readings. Therefore, the noise levels presented in Table 3.1 are
not solely due to the Carmel Sand Plant.
The recorded sound levels at the "Berm" sites clearly indicate that the earthen berm does
provide mitigation ranging from 2 to 9 dBAfor plant noise. This is illustrated by comparing "Plant
Operating" conditions for sites on top of the berm (Berm 1 through Berm 7) with sites behind the
berm (Berm 8 through Berm 14). For instance, the operating sound levels for Berm 6 (63 dBA) and
Berm 13 (55 dBA) yield an 8 dBA drop as a result of the berm. For reference, a1 0 dBA reduction
is perceived by the human ear as a halving of the sound level. The human ear has difficulty
distinguishing a change in sound level of less than 3 dBA.
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The only area that does not appear to directly benefit from the earthen berm is located to
the northwest of the facility. The sites in this region (Sites Berm 1,2,8, and 9) have relatively little
influence from the plant; therefore, there is no reduction associated with the earthen berm. These
sites are the farthest removed from the Carmel Sand Plant and therefore it is expected that the
berm will provide less attenuation in this area.
The sound levels recorded in the Kingswood Subdivision varied significantly depending on
location, monitoring time period, and community activity. While sound readings were taken during
the Camel Sand Plant operations, it was barely perceptible and essentially inaudible at these
locations. Local traffic has a significant affect on the ambient sound levels, particularly in
residential communities such as Kingswood Subdivision. Local sound levels can vary significantly
depending on a neighbor's activities (lawn mowing), school bus traffic, local traffic, animals, insect
noise, etc. The noise levels measured throughout Kingswood Subdivision during the daytime are
typical for a residential subdivision (47 to 50 dBA). In addition, a measurement was repeated at
Site BK3 at 4:00 AM. on September 17, 2003, and yielded 43 dBA.
Noise levels at Sites XP1 through XP4, taken along the southern boundary of the
Kingswood Subdivision resulted in ambient sound levels ranging from 47 to 50 dBA The Carmel
Sand Plant does not influence the acoustics at these sites, and sound levels are primarily a result
of ambient sounds including insect noise, cornfield rustling, etc. Site XP4 (61 dBA) was heavily
influenced by activities at the adjacent Clay/Carmel Recreational Park.
Long-term monitoring locations were also established to determine the evening ambient
sound levels for comparison with future operational noise. The existing ambient conditions were
documented over a 24-hour period from 6:00 P.M. Monday, June 21,2004, through 11 :00 AM.,
Wednesday, June 23, 2004. Sites Berm 5 and Berm 12 were selected for long-term measure-
ments. The data are presented in graphical format on Figure 3.1. The results are typical for a
suburban neighborhood, the sound levels decrease as human activity (traffic, etc.) increases.
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4.0 SPECIAL USE APPLICATION:
IMPLICATIONS ON THE ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT
The special use application requests use of the property adjacent to the existing Martin
Marietta Carmel Sand Plant operations for the extraction of sand and gravel. The proposed
expansion involves using the existing processing area and does not include provisions to process
extracted material on the Mueller Property North. Generally, the processing (crushing, screening,
conveying, loading of material) operations have the greatest potential to adversely affect the
acoustical environment. Since this special use application does not include the installation and
subsequent operation of a processing facility, the anticipated effect to the local acoustical
environment is minimal. The existing processing facility at the Carmel Sand Plant will continue to
serve as the processing facility for this expansion area. Therefore, the noise analysis was focused
on the extraction techniques and their associated implications to the acoustical environment.
The goal of the study was to determine the acoustical implications associated with the
extraction of material from the Mueller Property North. A floating suction dredge will be used to
extract and transport material from the Mueller Property North to the existing processing plant.
This noise emissions from a suction dredge is primarily associated with the engine room located
on the floating platform, as extraction activities are contained underwater. Noting that the acoustics
will change as mining progresses on the property (e.g., floating dredge location changes), future
estimates were made for several scenarios based on the operations' development (25%, 50%,
75%, and 100% extraction) of the entire property.
4.1 METHODOLOGY
The future acoustical environment was assessed using the proposed extraction equipment
sound emissions coupled with existing and proposed terrain features. Future scenarios were
modeled with the Environmental Noise Model v. 3.06 (ENM). The emission rates used in the model
were derived directly from noise measurements obtained at the existing Carmel Sand Plant. ENM
was used to simulate the acoustical environment of the proposed mining operations for the Mueller
Property North.
A three-dimensional topographical model (encompassing approximately one square mile)
was created for importation into ENM. Ground elevations and contours were obtained from base
topographic mapping. Existing topography and proposed terrain features, along with proposed
- 12 -
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extraction elevations were incorporated into the model. The noise modeling topography was
compiled for the Mueller Property North for several periods in the future based on the progress of
extraction. For example, the topography (and associated acoustical effects) will change as the
operations progress. The location of floating suction dredge will change, as well as the terrain of
the pit, altering the acoustical environment. Estimates were made for the Mueller Property North
based on four scenarios: 25% of property mined, 50% of property mined, 75% of property mined,
and full extraction (100%). While the dredge will operate at one location at a time, the modeling
assumed that the dredge would operate as a line source, working across the face of the pit over
time. This provided a slightly more conservative estimate as it assumes the dredge is operating
the entire width of the pit as opposed to one single location along the face of the put. The noise
emission point was estimated to be approximately 6 feet above the water level, representing the
general location of the engine room and exhaust pipes.
All of the proposed and existing berms were incorporated into the model. Theheight of the
proposed berms around the perimeter of the site will vary from six to ten feet. Modeling assumed
an eight-foot earth berm adjacent to the pit (refer to Drawing 3.1 for berm footprint). Ground zones,
representing typical ground cover, were input based on field reconnaissance and project mapping.
Noise sources and their emissions were derived by taking measurements of suction dredge and
Carmel Sand Plant. Measurements were taken at specified distances under full throttle conditions
for the dredge, and 100% production for the processing plant, to calculate sound power levels for
use in ENM program. The emissions from the existing Carmel Sand Plant were estimated based
on 1/1 octave measurements taken on September 17, 2003. The processing plant contributes
slightly to the noise levels measured along the western boundary earthen berm (Table 3.1);
therefore, it was included to obtain a cumulative sound level estimate (Mueller Property North
expansion plus processing plant). Acoustical measurement data as obtained in the field are
contained in Appendix A.
ENM is capable of either predicting maximum A-Weighted sound levels at discrete
receptors (single locations) or calculating sound contours given three-dimensional terrain. Due to
the number of extraction scenarios, contour modeling was used to display many of the operating
scenarios. The model generates a network of receivers over the terrain and estimates the
acoustical environment for an entire region. Each scenario was modeled based on four future
conditions (extraction progress: 25% of property mined, 50% of property mined, 75% of property
mined, and 100% extraction). Standard atmospheric conditions were assumed for the modeling
(550F, 65% Relative Humidity, calm winds). The sound level contouring presented in Drawing 4.1
1
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- 13 -
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Proposed f)\teC~
... -
25% EXTRACTION
Sound Sound Level
Source in dBA Overall Quality
Air Raid Siren 140
130
Jack Hammer
120 - Thr$shold
Thunder of ain
Emergency
Sirens
Rock Concert
Chain Saw
Lawn Mower
Subway 80
Yelling 70
Normal 60
Conversation
Rainfall 50
40
Refrigerator
30
Whisper
20
10
0 - - Threshold
of Hearing
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Existing Martin Marietta
..... Carmel Sand Plant ·
i
50% EXTRACTION
Legend
Maximum Sound
Levels In dBA
Color Range
. Greater Than 76
. 74- 76
. 72-74
. 70-72
. 68- 70
III 66-68
o 64-66
o 62-64
~ 60-62
III 58-60
[B 56-58
o 54-56
o 52-54
o 50-52
o Less Than 50*
. Legend
r- ::J Existing Martin
L...- Marietta Mine
Mueller
Property Boundary
Municipal Boundary
- - - Existing Road
_ . . . _ . . . _ Existing Rivers,
Lakes, and Streams
_ _ _ _ _ Mueller North
Permit Boundary
Limits of Proposed
Mining Phase
_ _ _ _ _ Proposed Limit
of Extraction
... Proposed Direction
of Mining
""
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I
? 00% EXTRACTION
NOTE: THE PROPERTY LINE INFORMATION PORTRAYED ON THIS
MAP IS AN APPROXIMATE REPRESENTATION BASED ON DATA
PROVIDED FROM THE HAMILTON COUNTY GIS DEPARTMENT AND
PROPERTY BOUNDARY SURVEYS FOR THE E. & H. MUELLER
DEVELOPMENT L.L.C. PROPERTIES.
Martin Marietta Materials, IneM
Mueller Property North
*NOTE:
THE SOUND LEVEL CONTOURING WAS GENERATED IN ENM
BASED ONLY ON PROPOSED NOISE SOURCES CONTAINED WITHIN
THE MUELLER NORTH PROPERTY AND THE CARMEL SAND
PLANT. WHILE THE CONTOURING INDICA TES THAT A REGION IS
50 dBA OR BELOW, NON-MODELED AMBIENT NOISE SOURCES
(LOCAL TRAFFIC NOISE, INSECTS, WIND, ETC.) MAY DOMINATE
AND LOCALLY ELEVATE SOUND LEVELS ABOVE 50 dBA.
SAND AND GRAVEL NOISE
CONTOUR MAP
DWNG. NO:
4.1
DWN BY:
R. Jenson
DATE:
1/28/05
JOB. NO.
CK. BY: SCALE: SHEET NO. .
W. Kaufell 1" = 600' 1602227
Q: /1602227/BASE _MAP NOISE SEPERATE NORTH NOISE/NOISE MONITORING DBA MAP.DWG
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was generated in ENM based on proposed noise sources contained within Mueller Property North.
While these illustrations include the major noise sources, local background sources, traffic, wind,
and human activity will also affect the acoustical environment and are not modeled. The lower limit
of the contours was set at 50 dBA, representing the measured background levels (typical for
residential areas). While the contouring indicates that a region is 50 dBA or below, existing
background noise sources not associated with mining in these areas may dominate and locally
elevate sound levels above 50 dBA.
The sand and gravel operation for Mueller Property North will be extracted using a floating
suction dredge. Removing overburden will expose the sand and gravel deposit. Martin Marietta
will use typical mining equipment such as front-end loaders, excavators, and dump trucks to
remove the overburden. A three-dimensional model of the sand and gravel pit was created for
several scenarios, using actual pit elevations and suction dredge operating locations. The results
indicate that the equipment operation on Mueller Property North will not have any effect on sound
levels outside the property. Drawing 4.1 displays the noise contours for the Mueller Property North
Sand and Gravel Operation for several operation scenarios. The ENM contouring indicates the
equipment noise dissipates quickly (notice tight contour pattern) primarily as a result of the pit
depth and the proposed adjacent earth berm bordering the property.
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5.0 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION
Martin Marietta Materials, Inc. has proposed to expand its operations onto an adjacent tract
of land (known as the Mueller Property North) in Carmel, Indiana. Skelly and Loy performed a
baseline sound study to determine existing conditions in the area and to assess the potential for
increased sound levels as a result of the proposed expansion. Noise monitoring was performed
to determine contributions from existing operations to the local acoustical environment, and
reference data were gathered from various operations to determine proposed sound-level
emissions. Computer noise modeling was performed using ENM and noise contours were
examined for several proposed operation scenarios. The results indicate that no facet of the
proposed expansion will create adverse acoustical conditions relative to existing sound levels.
Based on modeling results, the noise drops off quickly due to pit depth and berm configuration.
Therefore, the proposed expansion will not adversely affect the acoustical environment outside the
property.
- 16 -
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NOISE MONITORING sITESKETC'HEs
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Site # &K \
'SKELL Y and LOY, Inc.
Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MAR.'t\~ MAIt..IUTA. MA"~fl..\AI..~.Il'lc.. Noise MeterlD: dh-3080 ~N 3C:;05
Location: l.<\Nt.~ILI..,.t) b(vELOP/o\lON"f >>~a \\211 'Woo!)(.RU.t( t>1t.1~Factory Calibration Date: _ 4- - t 1-. 03
Noise Source: A""IE.tJT Co""/lI\"NIT'f t\\flISf. Field Calibration Date:_ "-J6 -03. _
Distance:
Date: q - \ (p - 0.3
Time: 2:4.5 - 3:05 ?M.
Employee: A:rb. NW
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: So d B8
Download Data File Name: S L 0 I - L.\
PhotoQraph
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SKELL V and LOV, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
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Client: MAR.ilN Mltllt't'TA ",,^"\e.It'~L~ IN(..
Location: \(hK.!:.\&,N\1) b"""I.DPNli.N'I' },)~~R. \1175 Wco1>'&UA.Y bll.\VEFactory Calibration Date:
Field Calibration Date:
Noise Source: AIW\~I'-~T c.o.ll\l"\VI\\ ITV NoISf:
Distance:
Date:
~ ~ \10 - 03 Notes:
2,:1..\.0 - 5: Or:, PM
AJ"h NW
.
Time:
Employee:
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: L.\ 1 d BA
Download Data File Name:' ~ '- 0 2 - 1.\
Photoaraph
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~- 02 - 03
'1-110-03
SKELL V and LOV, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Site # 5 K 3 NearkField Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MAP:f\tJ rAAQ.\E1TI> MA,lJl.lll.l.Ci :t",tl., Noise Meter 10: d.b. 3oBO
.
Location: \(\.a("~",,oo~ 'De.'I7€LO'f>\tlol1' ~l:A" Sob&. l(\~""bOI> 'f)lt."'~ Factory Calibration Date:
5N 3GQ,
~ - 02 - 03
q -lbo03
Noise Source:
Ap\8l"~'" c,1"\~V'" IT'\1' NOISE
Field Calibration Date:
Distance:
Date:
q-\b~03
2:L\.<; 0 S: 0; r fV\
A'Jt:> NW
,
Notes:
Time:
Employee:
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: s- t cl BA
Download Data File Name: SLo 3 - L\
SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA.17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
PhotoQraph
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Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Site # e,,, L
db- 3080 <;N 38QS
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q-lb-e>3
Client:IV\A!L't'N MAtl\L'frA rMUv..\M-S .'7...1.. Noise Meter 10:
Location: \(.1\K,swcob bl."e.Lof,..tcJ'l Nua \\o~S l-\\lr.I1\N4",o'" C.ollll.TFactory Calibration Date:
Noise Source: A"'S\E.W1 ~vr.>> I'tY NolS!,
Field Calibration Date:
Distance:
Date: ~-lb-03 Notes:
Time: 2:40 - 3:00 PM
Employee: A:5b NW
,
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
AVerage:~
Download Data File Name: ~ l oL.\ - L\
SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
PhotoQraph
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: M~I\.T'~ MAR.IUTA. MATU.\AL.S,:t",C.. Noise Meter 10: Jb- 3090 . 51\3 3'l31
Location: \(\I.)c,S,WOO\? 1)E."~LOP"'hJ" N~, SoS3 li.T. C.~I"tt,I.ES t". Factory Calibration Date: G,-0.2 - 0 3
Noise Source: A~"llb)"f Co/W\lW\ui'J ,,."1' NOIU. Field Calibration Date: q -llo - b 3
Distance:
Date: '1- \10 - 03
Time: 2: So - '3: Ie PM
Employee: A'J't:> J N W
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: 50 dBA
Download Data File Name: .s L. 0 5 - 3
Photoaraph
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
X p L Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MM'tItJ MAIIl.\tnA J\\A1EI.\llaU. INt.. Noise Meter 10: 6b- 3oBo
.' location: SoV't\o\.I!."~-r' tolh>>t.a OF \(U3Go$WOOb "~>lEbol'P\l!I\J'"
Noise Source: CAIl.l'\h SAw\> t>LA~T DPfA.JIiflorV '>
S.N 3895
(,- 02. - 03
~-I(P-03
Factory Calibration Date:
Field Calibration Date:
Distance: AfPfI.D""\IVI.At'tL"I '-2. VA!t.b~ r:.~~ \.\"""'\~'TON toUtt.i R~SI1>l~C.~
Date: ~ - 110 - 0 3
Time: \'3,'00 - l~:5o
Employee: A3'b N W
Notes:
Sound level Results
Maximum:
Average: 4B dRA
Download Data File Name: SLOt - 3
SKELLY and LOY. Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
Photoaraph
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SKELL V and LOV, Inc.
Site # X P 2. Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MA~11>1 MAa,'-TTAMATU..\AI.t Ill!(.. Noise Meter 10: db- 3090 SN 38(Ho
location: ~"'f'" OF \(\W.SWD6b bt\lE.I.DPh\M MIJiu.U.. Factory Calibration Date: ,,- 02 - 03
, ~tl.o'I.",.'t tJo~,,\
Noise Source: C.AR.M~L SA\I3t>. ~\.AtJ\ C~U~TtO"'S Field Calibration Date: q - l (, - 03
Distance: Amb"l(\ 1I\j!>,.U.L y SO 'lAaM. ~ ~tf,\1>,tJ(.~
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Time: ~ i 5.3 - J 3 ; 03
Employee: A :s '\) I ~ W
Notes:
Sound level Results
Maximum:
Average: 4.7 dBA
Download Data File Name: S L 0 2. - .:;
Photoaraph
SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
NearDField Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client:MAR.1'\t.) MAlt\ETT^MA.Ultw.s,I.~". Noise MeterlD: dbD3080 SN 38'11
Location: <s.oUT"'- er: l,{\t.3(..I:.l4J60b ~"ELbPMe."''', MUE"LU. Factory Calibration Date: b - 02 - 03
P9.0t'''',"V Jl)O&T'"
Noise Source: C.AIl.~E..L SANti PL.A)JT OPtItA1"o,,",S ' Field Calibration Date: q - \ 10 - 0 3
Distance: A~IM"''''E.LY 30 YAR.bS taoft\ ~e.S\i)'~"~
Date:
q-l~-03
t2.; 5'2. ~ 13_= 0 2..
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Notes:
Time:
. Employee:
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
. Average:_50 dBA
Download Data File Name: S L 0 '3 - 3
Photoaraoh
SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch )
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc,
Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: /Vv.V:'fIN M~~I~'TTi\ ~'t't\t\~L.S, 1",e,
location: ~~\ O~ K\to)~S.\Al611T> bl\JtLbIl""f.r.lT ~ M~':"fl.
Noise Source: C-ARME.1.. SANb ?U\N"T ()9~I.Mloto.).s
Distance: APPR.Oll.\/II\A'U.L'I L\,O '{At.bS f"o", ~UI~I!i.t>tC.~
Date:
Q-\b-03
\3:00 .. l3:50
AJb. Nw
.
Time:
Employee:
Sound level Results
Maximum:
Average: Co \ cl ~A
Download Data File Name: S LD L.\ - 3
PhotC?araph
Noise Meter ID: db- 3080 SN 38Qe,
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Factory Calibration Date: b - 02- 0
Field Calibration Date: q - , b - 0 3
Notes:
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Site # &eR..fV'\ ( Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MA9...T\~ MARIf.ffA MA"ie~\8I.S .. :r.rJ'-. Noise MeterlD: db. 3080 SN ~8~5
Location: 101' Of BER.M WEST 0 f CARMeL. <;....,..,D Pt..Ct~1 Factory Calibration Date: 6 - 0:1. 03
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Noise Source: C^R./V\f.L SAlJD Pl.-ANT 0 p~R.l>trl()NS Field Calibration Date: q - lb - 0 3
Distance: f.\PI'~OX.\MA-T6.l'< 5"8 VAIlI)S FR..olV\ PI.ANT
Date: q - I to - 0 :>
Time: \l :2.;0- l\:.So A l'I\ .
Employee: A 31) -' N W
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: 5l.{ d Bp..
Download Data File Name: Sl.. c) \ - ,
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Notes:
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
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SKELL V and LOV, Inc.
Site # &~R.M 2.. Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MA-2.:tIN MA-~\c.TTA MATl::.1t1A1S", :t"-lC. Noise MeterlD: db - 3080 $N 38Q"
Location: T~p Of &~ RoM WEST Or LA-lMe.l. s'A,Jb Pl.AtJi Factory Calibration Date: _f;t~2:o '5
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Noise Source: C.AltME.L ::'~IJl;> pU~."''i' OPS-RATloNf. Field Calibration Date: <1-lb - D3
Distance: APPR.O~\MA-'ic.LY 45S 't'All.1>$ rltot-'l Pl..AIol'i
Date: q - 16 - 05
Time: II : lD - t t : So AM
Employee: ~ .j b N W
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Notes:
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Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: 5 7 d &f..\
Download Data File Name: 5 L () 2 - \
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2601 North Front Street
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Site # IS e ~/'I\ 3 Near~Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MARTIN MArt\!:. TiA MA."t'E2.I~L.S 1-",,-. Noise Meter 10: db - 5080 SN 38q7
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Location: \OP Of ~ERM.. "'-leST 6F CA~EI. SA~l> PLAt-JT Factory Calibration Date: 6- ,{J2,:03
Noise Source: C.A~Ml= L SAt-ll> F\..;..~T OPS-RA-'i 10""$ Field Calibration Date: "l ~ lb - 03
Distance: AWRo'/(,\to'\A-TE.L.'( 370 '(ARtiS fRo'" .PI-A~\
Date: Q-lb-03 Notes: Lovl> I ,.. H.C.:'\"' ~c.tS~
Time: \\:Zo- II; So A,f'/\
Employee: AJD NW
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Maximum:
Ave'rage: S 1 d BA
Download Data File Name: SL 03 -
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2601 'North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
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SKELLY and lOY, Inc.
Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: (V\/'t'iLTIN MA-R.\E.iiA ~"IOF-\AI.S~ INt...
Location: To? Of. ~EItJII\ I WEST Of CAR~L 5ANI) PL..ilINT
Noise Source: C.A~ME-L SAi'J~ P L.AN\ OPE.RAT\ON$
Distance: ApI'RO)(IMPtTal..'t' S I ~ 'i"'\l..l)(, fRo", ~L-I>("'i
Date: q - \6 - 03
Time: l\:20 - ll: So AM
Employee: A;] D N \N
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: Co 0 d .B ~
Download Data File Name: S L 0 4 - I
Photoaraph
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Noise Meter 10: db. 3090 S1\l 389B
Factory Calibration Date: b- 92-0 3
Field Calibration Date: q - 110 - 0 .3
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA,17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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Site # t€R.fI\ S Near..field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MA~TIN f"/'o.M.\~TT'A M-rTl:t?-.IALS I ~tJc., Noise Meter ID: db - 3090 $N 3q3 7
location: Top Of' ~e.R..JI"\) Wi-5, O~ GAF-l'^E.L. SA~ ?4cN,-Factory Calibration Date: Co - <:JZ - 03
Noise Source: C.A~'y\~/" SAND PL.A-NT OP&.-t.A-TloN> Field Calibration Date: q -I to - 0 3
Distance: AP9RD'X'/i\I'tTf.L'i 12<1 '(AIU')C: fRo/\' ~"'P,NT'
Date: q - 1 b - 0 3
Time: t\: 20 - 11:50 AM
Employee: A j t> N W
Notes:
LOUD "It-JS EL.T NOise.
Sound level Results
Maximum:
Average: (., l d-.BA
Download Data File Name: S LOS - 1
SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA,17110
Ph. 717 232-593
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SKELL V and LOV, Inc.
Site # Be.R..M Co Near~Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: ~F.'f\N MA'-Ie.nA MArE..~'AL5J J:NC-. Noise Meter 10: d.1o.3080 SN 3Q03
Location: Top o~ 5E:RM, J Wt~'f" Of U\RMU SAN\) f'1..A:NT Factory Calibration Date: q. (, - 03
Noise Source: C...2.II\~L SAt-lo P....At-lT C>PER.~"16NS Field Calibration Date: q .lG,- 0 3
Distance: APC'f..c.Y.\ftI\ATf:.L.V 315 VA\lbS rltoM ~A"'T
Date: q. [b - 03
Time: l\ : 2..0 - n: So A M
Employee: A 3 1) .' I'~ W
Notes:
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: (p 3 d B A
Download Data File Name: M , A 03 - (
Photoaraph
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
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SKELLY and lOY. Inc.
Site # BE.(l.fi\ 1 Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: fl!'lAF.ilH MAR,\('ffA fl./'.kTt.2\h.l.-r., t.ac... Noise Meter ID: ,H~, 308(') SN 3~o~_
Location: Top OF BE.~ , W~S"T O~ CMME,l. S~IJP Pl.-A"''' Factory Calibration Date: L.\,# to - 03
Noise Source: CA(l. N\'-1.. SA IJ D P'-4t-J f Dpf.Il~"'ON $ Field Calibration Date: <1- 110 - 0 3
Distance: ApPRo'l(.\M.o."~...V 438 '(~R1>.s F~l"\ rr-ANI
Date:
q. lb- 03
l\: 2..0 - Il: 50 AM
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Maximum:
Average:~
Download Data File Name: MTA 04 - \
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: {V\.t>.r-TI N MA~ \{ 'f'rA '^....T~~'A~... ~tJc.. Noise M~ter 10: dh. 3680 51\) 38<::\5
Location: ~~~\~b ~E.R.""I WE~T OfCAlt~tl.. ~~tJ!> P!.~NT Factory Calibration Date: ~- 02 - 03
Noise Source: CA~fi\e..L ~"'tJ PL.A-~T OPtf(.~i'I0tJ.s Field Calibration Date: q - lb. 0 3
Distance: A'{'{"Oy..\MII>."'~'-V 32. Pr~t> ~o y~) BE\.\\~O RE.$II>€.t-lc.~.$
Time:
'1-16 - 03
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Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: 51 4BA
Download Data File Name: SLOI - 2..
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MAfl.:nN M"R.\fTTA MATH"\"'L5,, !.N~.
Location: ~EH\N!) ~f..Il,", . WEST Of CAR~E.l SANZo !>L.AtJ"f.
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Noise Source: C.I\-ta./V\~L SAND PLAN' OrE:RAT10t-l.s
Distance: APPllo ~ ,.MAT; L:'{ 4D V A'Z.T>r; Bf.I\\Nb R..e.SIDe.JJ,C.~S
NoiseMeterID:.db-.308o SN 38'liL
Factory Calibration Date: " - 02- 03
Field Calibration Date: q - ll.o - 03
Date:
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Notes:
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Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Averag~: 57 d &A
Download Data File Name: S L 02 - L
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SKELLY and LOY,lnc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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Site # ~~IlM 10 Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
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Location: gf.~tN'" B~~N\ , INES.T()f.CA~E.l5.otr-.lD PLANT Factory Calibration Date: c'-02-03
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O Noise Source: CA~^"E.L SAN\).PLA-iJl ()l'fRATIClrJ5 Field Calibration Date: cr-\~-03
Distance: AI'Vr-O)r.\MF\iE..LY ~O YL\-(.1)S BE.HII'll) R.eS.lb~NGE.5
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Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: ~5 dBA
Download Data File Name: S L 0 3 - 2.
Photoaraph
Notes:
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SKELLY and Lay, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Site # !;ERM. l\ Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: M"'''-tltJ MA\l..\E..iT~ MA-Tf.It\ALS '!.oJc.., Noise Meter 10: ~b ~ 3080 SN "Y398
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location: Btl-\\rJD ~E.R.M: W(SIOfCARMf.L~N!:> PI..AJJT Factory Calibration Date: 0-02-03
Noise Source: c.A-R-ME.L SA Nt>. PLAN\' OPf.ItAl'oNS. . Field Calibration Date: C} -lb - 03
Distance: ArP,-oXIMA"tf..l.Y L\4. YA(l~ f:>El-\IN)) R,(S 11),1'1(.(
Date:
C)-16-03
t 2: ( 0 - \ 2 : ~S PM
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Time:
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Sound level Results
Maxi.mum:
Average: 56 d.BA
Download Data File Name: SL 04 - 2
PhotoQraph
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Site # f>E.lt.M. \ 2. Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MAltTIN M~'E.TT~ MAiER..\I\LS.I 'INc:.. Noise Meter 10: db- 3oBO 5",) 3937
Location: ~H\lN!) BE.RM. . \tJfS1' OF CARM~L SANb ?I..I\NT Factory Calibration Date: to - 02 - 03
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. ,Noi~e/Source: c.A~M:E..L SAN-!) PLANt' Ore-RATIONS Field Calibration Date: q - Ib - 03
Distance: Ap~~'f..\M~\U.Y l.2.. VARl>$ Rt+\\tJD R!:.SIP~~
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Maximum:
Average: 5L\ dBA
Download Data File Name: SlDS - 2.
PhotoQraph
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
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SKElL V and LOV, Inc.
Site # E>~~M. \ 3 Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: M.A.9..THJ MAIl\~1TA. MAUR1A.L.$ .:tNC-. Noise Meter ID: db. 3DSO Sl\l 3~o 3
Location: t>h,~~ tHN\ WtST 0' CA<<h\tL Slltwb ~1./lj~T Factory Calibration Date: 4 - 17 - 0 3
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Noise Source: CAl.1I\h S,I\Mh PLANT OPe; !l.A't'lo"-l$ Field Calibration Date: '1 ~ I b - 03
Distance: Awou"" N\Il.U LY 29> YAlt'>S Bf:~hJ'I> R,t;.SID'",c.E
Date:-- q- \b - 03
Time: \ 2 : l D ~ \ 2 : 3 5 PM
Employee: A"S 1:> J 1\:1 W
Sound Level Results
Maximum:
Average: SS d BA
Download Data File Name: MTA 03- 2..
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2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA,17110
Ph. 717 232-593
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SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
Client: MAe.,.,~ MAa.\~1TA MAr,R.\~LS.. :INC.. Noise Meter ID: db ~ 3080 SN ~C}0L{
Location: ~UII~1) "tR.M I WE~T O~ URAEI. SAtolb PL&\t.rr Factory Cal.ibration Date: ~ ~ 10 ~o 3
Noise Source: LArtl"\. e.L SA ~l> ~bA""" () Pf.lA""ONS Field Calibration Date: ~ - I h - 03
Distance: APrIlo\(.INlA,'TELV 3C:, AtJ1) .20'<Atos 'tit""../) ~UI\)E~C.ES
Date: Cl - Ib - 03 Notes: Ip.)5E.c.TS J BIR.'DS AV!)\ILt:
Time: l2; I D - 12; 35 P N\
Employee: . A J D N vJ
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Sound level Results
Maximum:
Average: 5" d BA
Download Data File Name: (V\\ ^ 0 L\ - 2...
SKELLY and LOY, Inc.
2601 North Front Street
Harrisburg PA, 17110
Ph. 717 232-593
Site Sketch L----J
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Near-Field Noise Measurement Data Sheet
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APPE,ND'X.IB
: GLOSSARY 'OF' ACOUSTICAL'TERMS.
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GLOSSARY OF ACOUSTICAL TERMS
Source: Cowan, James P. 1994. Handbook of Environmental Acoustics. New York: Von
Nestrond Reinhold.
Absorption Coefficient (x) - the dimensionless ratio of absorbed to incident sound energy from
a single interaction between a sound wave and a partition. Values range from 0 to 1.
Absorption (Sound) - the product of absorption coefficient and surface area of a material, in units
of sabins, used to designate the amount of sound absorbed by that material.
Acoustics - the science or study of sound.
Acoustic Trauma - the physical destruction of the inner ear hearing organs resulting from
exposure to peak sound pressure levels greater than 140 dB. Acoustic trauma normally results in
permanent hearing loss.
Active Noise Control - the cancellation of sound waves by introducing a minor impact (1800 out
of phase) of the original sound wave to the sound path.
Ambient Noise level- the total noise level in the acoustic environment, usually including the noise
source of interest.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - a voluntary federation of United States
organizations concerned with the development of standards. ANSI standards are drafted by
committees of industry experts and published only after board review and determination of national
consensus.
. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) - A voluntary federation of the United States
organizations concerned with the development of standard testing methods. ASTM standards are
drafted by committees of industry experts. and published only after determination of national
consensus.
Anechoic Chamber - a room having terminations (walls, floor, and ceiling) that absorb all sound
incident on them; used in laboratories to measure direct sound fields from sources.
Attenuation - reduction in level.
A-Weighting - electronic filtering in sound level meters that models human hearing frequency
sensitivity.
Background Noise level- the noise level in the acoustic environment, usually excluding the noise
source of interest.
Bandwidth (BW) - the frequency range of maximum flat filter response in an instrument, the upper
and lower frequency limits of which occur where the response drops off by 3 dB.
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Broadband Spectrum - an SPL vs. frequency plot having no discrete frequency dominance or
peaks, varying smoothly with frequency.
Calibration - using an instrument emitting an accepted SPL and frequency as a reference for
ensuring that the monitoring instruments provide reliable results.
Coincidence Frequency - the bending wave resonance frequency of a partition, dependent on the
material and thickness, that causes a reduction in TL effectiveness in a narrow frequency range
around it.
Community Noise Equivalent level (CNEl) - a 24-h continuous Leq with 5 dBA added to levels
occurring between 7:00 P.M. and 7:00 A.M. The added values are used to account for added
sensitivity during evening and typical nighttime sleeping hours.
Continuous Sound - sound having a steady, nonimpulsive nature.
Coverage Angle (C<) - the angle with respect to the front side of a loudspeaker between locations
at which the emitted sound level sensitivity drops off by 6 dB.
Critical Frequency - the frequency at which coincidence frequency effects begin to be noticed for
a partition.
C-Weighting - electronic filtering in sound level meters that models a flat response (output equals
input) over the range of maximum human hearing sensitivity.
Day-Evening-Night Sound level (lden) - the same as CNEL.
Day-Night Sound level (ldn or DNl) - a 24-hour continuous Leq with 10 dBA added to levels
occurring between 10:00 P.M. and 7:00 A.M. to account for greater sensitivity during typical
sleeping hours.
dBA - A-weighted unit of sound pressure level.
dBC - C-weighted unit of sound pressure level.
Decibel (dB) - a unit of sound level implying ten multiplied by a logarithmic ratio of power or some
quantity proportional to power. The logarithm is to the base ten.
Diffraction - the act of sound waves traveling around barriers, especially pronounced when the
sound wavelength size is comparable to or greater than the dimensions of the barriers.
Diffuse Field - area within a room where SPLs do not vary significantly with location. Diffuse fields
are caused by reverberation.
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Diffusion - the act of found waves spreading out over a wide area after reflecting off of a convex
or uneven surface.
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Direct Field - area where the sound measured can be attributed to the source alone without effects
of reflections off of walls or obstructions.
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Directivity - the spherical coverage angle characteristics of a source.
Directivity Factor (Q) - the ratio of the intensity of a sound source near large reflective surfaces
to the intensity when radiating into open space.
Directivity Index (D) - 10 x 10g(O), the amount added to the SPL of a spherically radiating source
when placed near large reflective surfaces causing the directivity factor used.
Echo - the perception of two distinct sounds resulting from the difference in arrival times of sound
waves traveling over different paths but originating from.a single source.
Effective Perceived Noise level (EPNL) - a rating method used by the FAA for certifying aircraft
in terms of the annoyance of aircraft flyovers (in units of EPNdB).
Equivalent Sound level (leq) - a SPL that, if constant over a specified time period, would contain
the same sound energy as the actual sound that varies in level with time. The reference time
period is usually specified in terms of hours in parentheses (e.g., Leq(l) refers to a 1-h Leq value).
Exchange Rate - the dBA level associated with a change of noise exposure duration by a factor
of two.
Far Field - area outside of the near field, where measurements can be reproduced with
consistency.
Field Impact Insulation Class (FIIC) - an IIC rating using values measured in actual installations
rather than in a laboratory.
Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC) - a STC rating using values measured in actual
installations rather than in a laboratory.
Free Field - area having no obstructions or reflective surfaces in the sound propagation path.
Frequency (1) - the rate, in hertz (cycles per second), at which periodic (sinusoidal) acoustic
pressure oscillations occur. Frequency is interpreted subjectively as pitch. Humans can hear
sounds having frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz.
Fresnel Number (N) - used in partial barrier analysis, a value defined in acoustic diffraction theory
and based on the locations of a source, receiver, and the top ofa barrier.
Fundamental Frequency - the lowest resonance frequency of a system.
Harmonic - a positive integer multiple of the fundamental acoustic resonance frequency, including
the fundamental. The first harmonic corresponds to the fundamental and the second harmonic
corresponds to the first overtone.
Hearing Protection Device (HPD) - a device, typically either a muff or plug, that covers the ear
canal to reduce noise levels before the sound enters the hearing mechanism.
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Helmholtz Resonator - also known as a volume resonator, a device having a small opening
leading to a larger volume of air used to amplify or absorb sound frequencies covering a limited
range.
Impact Insulation Class (IIC) - a single number rating system for the sound attenuation
effectiveness of floor-ceiling assemblies on impact noises, in which SPLs measured from using a
tapping machine are matched to a standard curve. IIC measurements are performed in laboratory-
type environments.
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Impedance (Acoustic) - the ability of a medium to restrict the flow of acoustic energy, related to
the cross-sectional area of the propagation path. When the acoustic impedance of a new medium
is the same as that of the first medium, acoustic energy flows through unabated; when there is a
change in impedance between media, there is an impedance mismatch and energy flow is
restricted.
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Impulsive Sounds - sounds that last less than 1 s having a sudden start and end.
Infrasound - sound waves having dominant frequency components below 20 Hz, the lower
frequency limit of human hearing sensitivity.
Insertion loss (Il) - the difference, in decibels, between the SPL before and after a sound-
attenuating device is placed in the path between the source and receiver.
Inverse Square law - the condition in open spherical wave sound propagation from a point source
in which intensity drops off as the reciprocal of the square of the distance from the source. This
translates to the ideal condition that SPL drops off at a rate of 6 dB per doubling of distance from
the source.
line Source - a sound source composed of many point sources in a defined line, such as a steady
stream of traffic on a highway or a long train.
Mass law - a relationship that relates a doubling in mass or frequency to a 6-dB increase in TL
for a homogeneous partition over a specific frequency range.
Narrow Band Analyzer - a spectrum analyzer that measures sound levels in terms of frequency
bands smaller than octave bands. '
Near Field - area, closed to a sound source, where sound measurements fluctuate dramatically.
Noise - unwanted sound.
Noise Abatement Criteria (NAC) - noise level limits, in terms of Leq(1) or L10(1)' promulgated by
Federal Highway Administration regulations for vehicular traffic noise generated by the construction
of new highways or the expansion of existing ones.
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Noise Isolation Class (NIC) - a single number rating of the sound attenuation effectiveness of a
partition based on matching NRTL values to a standard curve.
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Noise level Reduction (NlR) - the outdoor-to-indoor attenuation of noise levels afforded by the
exterior wall of a building. The NLR is used only in FAA mitigation recommendations.
Noise Reduction (NR) - the reduction of sound level within a room caused by adding absorptive
material to the room).
Noise Reduction (NRTL) - a measure of the sound attenuation effectiveness of a partition, the
difference between average SPls in two rooms with a noise source of interest in one of the rooms.
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) - a single number rating system for absorption coefficients
over the speech frequency range. The NRC is defined mathematically as the arithmetic average
of the absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1000, and 2,000 Hz.
Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) - a rating, in decibels, of the effectiveness of HPDs on reducing
noise levelS reaching the hearing mechanism.
Noise-Sensitive Location - a defined area where human activity may be adversely affected when
noise levels exceed predefined thresholds of acceptability or when levels increase by predefined
thresholds of change.
Octave Band - a frequency band whose upper limit is twice the lower limit and is identified by a
geometric mean frequency called the center frequency. Standard octave band center frequencies
are defined in ANSI Standard S1.6-1984.
Octave Band Analyzer - an instrument that measures sound levels in terms of octave bands.
Omnidirectional Source - a source that emits equal amounts of energy in all directions,
generating spherical waves.
Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) - an A-weighted rating of the sound reduction
effectiveness of a partition that separates an indoor from an outdoor environment.
Overtone - a positive integer multiple of a fundamental acoustic resonance frequency, beginning
at twice the fundamental.
Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) - a unit used in traffic studies to account for the fact that trucks
emit higher noise levels than cars.
Percent Highly Annoyed (%HA) - parameter used to rate annoyance against ldn noise levels.
Percentile Levels - (In 0 < n < 100) the percentage of observation time that a certain SPl has
been exceeded. For example, llO corresponds to the SPL exceeded 10% of the observation time,
The observation time is usually specified in terms of hours in parentheses (e.g., L10(1) refers to a
1-h L,o value).
Point Source - a source whose dimensions are small compared with propagation distances
described in reference to it. .
Presbycusis - hearing loss attributed to the aging process.
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Pure Tone - a sound dominated by energy in a single frequency.
Reflection - the act of sound bouncing off of a partition, usually occurring from smooth, hard
surfaces.
Refraction - the act of sound waves bending or changing propagation direction as they travel from
one medium or medium condition (such as temperature, density, humidity, or wind current) into
another.
Resonance (Acoustic or Room) - the generation of standing waves within a space at specific
frequencies that correlate certain fractions of wavelengths and integer multiples of them with the
dimensions of the space.
Resonance (Mechanical) - an increase in response of a material at a specific frequency that is
dependent on the physical characteristics of the material.
Reverberant Field - same as diffuse field.
Reverberation - the amplification of sound within an enclosed space caused by multiple reflections
off reflective terminations (Le., walls, ceilings, floors, or obstacles) of the room.
Reverberation Chamber - a room having terminations (walls, floor, and ceiling) that reflect all
sound incident on them; used in laboratories to set up diffuse sound fields from sources.
Reverberation Time (RT6o or T6o) - the time, in seconds, that it takes for the SPl in a room to
decrease by 60 dB after a sound source (emitting levels more than 60 dB above the background
level) has stopped emitting sound.
Shadow Zone - an area below which sound waves have bent upward because of atmospheric
conditions. In such areas, a distant sound source would not be as loud as expected.
Sociocusis - hearing loss attributed to nonoccupational environmental factors.
Sound Concentration - the focusing of sound waves caused by reflections from concave surfaces
or any other surface that causes sound waves to focus at a particular location.
Sound Exposure Level (SEL) - a rating, in decibels, of a discrete event, such as an aircraft flyover
or train pass by, that compresses the total sound energy of the event into a 1-s time period.
Sound Intensity - a quantity that describes sound in terms of both magnitude and direction of
propagation.
Sound level Meter (SlM)- an instrument used to measure sound pressure levels.
Sound Power Level (Lw) - 10 xlog(W/Wrel), where W = power and Wrtel = 10 X 10.12 W.
Sound Pressure Level (SPL or Lp) - 20 x 10g(P/Prel), where p = root mean square acoustic
pressure and Ptel = 2x 10-5 N/M2. Prel corresponds to the pressure at the threshold of hearing.
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Sound Transmission Class (5TC) - a single number rating for a TL spectrum of a partition
matched to a standard curve. STC measurements are performed in laboratory-type environments.
Spectrum - a graphical representation of sound level versus frequency.
Spectrum Analyzer - a device that measures and manipulates spectra, available in many
bandwidth possibilities. Octave band analyzers are the most common types of spectrum analyzers.
Speech Interference Level (SIL) a single number rating for speech intelligibility, the arithmetic
average of SPLs in the 500-, 1,000-, 2,000-, and 4,000-Hz octave bands.
Standard Threshold Shift (ST5) - an average loss of 10 dB in hearing ability at 2,000, 3,000, and
4,000 Hz, on a temporary basis, caused by high-level noise exposure; also known as temporary
threshold shift (TIS).
Threshold of Hearing (0 dBA) - the SPL blow which sound cannot be heard by the average
person with a healthy hearing mechanism.
Threshold of Pain (120 dBA) - the SPL over which sound causes physical pain to the average
listener's ears.
Time-Weighted Average (TWA) - a noise exposure rating in dBA based on a 8-h Leq with a 5-dBA
exchange rate for OSHA compliance.
Tinnitus- a ringing or buzzing sound heard by an individual when the source of that sound is a
medical abnormality or over-extension in th auditory system.
Transducer - a device that transforms energy from one form into another.
Tansmissibility - used in vibration analysis, the ratio of output to input energy transmitted from a
vibrating source to another material.
Transmission Coefficient (t) - the dimensionless ratio of transmitted to incident sound energy
from a single interaction between a sound wave and a partition. Values range from 0 to .1.
Transmission Loss (TL) - a measure of the sound attenuation effectiveness of a partition, in units
of decibels.
Ultrasound - sound waves having dominant frequency components above 20,000 Hz, the upper
frequency limit of human hearing sensitivity.
Wavelength (w) - the distance between successive repeating portions of a pure tone sound wave.