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HomeMy WebLinkAboutExterior Building Materials-~-off Indigo -Carmel, IN Exterior Material Percentages 1-30-09 N S E W TOTAL BRICK (Light) 3384 2211 2119 2025 9739 23.2% BRICK (Dark) 5098 5471 455 916 11940 28.4% LIMESTONE 1564 1485 632 0 3681 8.8% EIFS (Exposed) 1417 2295 0 0 3712 8.8% EIFS (Hidden) 1221 1221 0 0 2442 5.8% WINDOWS/DOORS 4163 3848 1219 1261 10491 25.0% TOTAL 16847 16531 4425 4202 42005 100.0% Total Masonry = 9739+11940+3681=25360=60.4% EIFS Total = 3712+2442=6154=14.6% \~l~^"'JJJ Acoustic ®~ SUPPLY INC Steve Kelly Sales Representative skel ly@aco u sticsu pp I y. com 3t 7.872.7100x109 4t2 N. Tremont Street 317.694.0585 cell P.O. Box 22248 317.872.8110 fax Indianapolis, IN 46222-0248 a OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY MANAGED BY UT-BATTELLE FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Achilles Karaglozis, Ph.D. Building Envelope Group P.O. Box 2008 Oak Rltlge, TN 37831-6070 Telephone:1865)576-3924; Fax: 1865)574.9354 Email: kamoiozieanraloml.aov www.oml.govlbtclmolsture The Hygrothermal Performance of Exterior Wall Systems: Key Points of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory NET Facilities Research Project January 1, 2005 through March 30, 2006 Background: The US Department of Energy (DOE), through the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Building Technologies Program, and the EIFS Industry Members Association (EIMA) jointly funded a 3 year (15 months completed) field research project conducted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on moisture intrusion, drying potential and energy performance of various configurations of exterior cladding systems (EIFS, brick, stucco, concrete block and cementitious fiber board siding). In addition, the impact of innovative EIFS features, specifically liquid applied moisture control membranes, smart vapor retarder systems, and exterior cladding venting, on the performance of EI FS was evaluated. The research to investigate the side-by-side hygric performances of each wall cladding system, the field data and the hygrothermal model derived from it are particularly useful not only in developing guidelines for the use of EIFS but also in demonstrating the superior moisture and temperature control performance of EIFS as compared with other types of exterior claddings. The study is continuing into a second year of field-testing, incorporating additional configurations and wall cladding parameters, such as purposefully induced defects. Study Goals: The primary goals of the study are: • To validate the moisture and thermal performance of EIFS wall systems • To quantify the performance of EIFS over other types of exterior claddings • To develop and calibrate a hygrothermal (moisture and temperature) computer model with the unique features of EIFS that will validate the computer model for all climatic regions Study Location: Charleston, SC and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Study Approach: In keeping with the DOE's strategy of promoting awhole-building approach to building design, operation and maintenance, the research project considered the building envelope in its entirety, rather than studying isolated materials or component systems. The research approach is summarized below: • Characterize the moisture, and thermal performance properties of critical construction materials and sub-systems used in exterior wall systems • Confirm the predictions of computer model by comparing them to actual field results • Conduct field testing on a variety of exterior wall systems to determine their thermal, air leakage and moisture control performance in real world, average environmental conditions, including some severe-environmental conditions, during the course of one year • Employ hygrothermal modeling to simulate field tested exterior wall systems to determine how to improve critical cladding system elements, with the goal of optimizing their performance • Develop design methodology that will permit architects and engineers to optimize energy efficiency while controlling air and moisture transport to prevent material deterioration and potential fungal contamination of the indoor environment Facility Design. To achieve these goals, a special building was designed and constructed near Charleston, South Carolina. The 15 exterior cladding configurations to be evaluated were integrated into one side of the building (southern exposure). In this way, all of the exterior claddings would be exposed to similar weather conditions during the course of the study. Building orientation and placement of the exterior wall test panels were determined after considerable study of historical weather patterns, including the prevailing direction of precipitation. Exterior Cladding Panel Configurations. While other types of exterior claddings were studied, the primary focus of this project was various EIFS configurations, including EIFS with drainage systems. Sensor Placement and Data Collection. Each of the wall panels contained a variety of sensors that recorded a full, constant profile of temperature, heat flux, relative humidity, and moisture content. These sensors collected data 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and transmitted the data to the ORNL Building Thermal Envelope Systems & Materials Energy Division Research facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee for analysis. Data upon which the conclusions were derived were collected during a period of 15 months, January 1, 2005 through March 30, 2006, and included average monthly weather observations and both interior and exterior sensor readings. Results and Conclusions. The research data lead to the following findings and support the following statements: • The best performing wall system was the EIFS wall consisting of four inches of expanded polystyrene insulation board without any interior stud insulation (no fiberglass). This wall outperformed all other walls in terms of moisture while maintaining superior thermal performance. EIMA Research Project Page 2 Of 3 OaII If~e Negmml la~a[arY • The brick clad wall systems tended to accumulate more moisture and retain moisture longer than EIFS cladding. • The cementitious fiberboard siding wall systems tended to accumulate more moisture and retain moisture longer than the EIFS cladding. • The wall panels with polyethylene vapor retarders have higher wood moisture content and excessive sheathing relative humidity (80 percent and higher). The results from this study clearly indicate that the use of a polyethylene vapor retarder is not a good strategy. Instead, interior vapor retarders that are highly vapor permeable and do not provide a resistance to moisture drying are recommended in hot and humid climates. • EIFS walls may employ house wraps as exterior water-resistive barriers; however, moisture movement and accumulation is higher in these wall systems when compared with water-resistive barrier coatings used aswater-resistive barriers. EIFS with water- resistive barrier coatings, used as water resistive barriers, performed significantly better than other claddings that used building paper. Wall panels with water-resistive barrier coatings outperformed spun-bonded polyolefin membranes. • EIFS using grooved expanded polystyrene insulation board improves the performance of the wall, since venting is enhanced. • Insulation is more beneficial when placed towards the exterior. • EIFS drainage assemblies, using vertical ribbons of adhesives, provide a drainage path and air space that contributes positively towards the hygrothermal performance of the walls. • EIFS installed over glass mat faced, modified gypsum core sheathing that is attached to steel studs performs slightly better for interior vapor control strategies that are open (higher water vapor permeance) as compared with EIFS attached over wood sheathing and wood studs. The wall system demonstrating the worst hygric performance was the brick, followed by the stucco clad systems (both 3-coat and 1-coat), and then the cementitious fiberboard cladding. Please note that the brick used in this research project is not particularly liquid absorptive. It will be informative to observed gap between the performance of brick and EIFS in subsequent studies if brick that is more representative of typical products is used. Additional Findings, Conclusions, and Insights. Evaluation of the first year's results is continuing, as is the collection of the data, which is going into its second year. The first-year results along with the results from the second year undoubtedly will yield additional findings, conclusions, and insights. Interested persons are encouraged to check back with EIMA for updates. EIMA Research Project Page 3 of 3 OBII f~ ~~ 18hq'BtOry "°- AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD '.,,~ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series sta Air/Moisture Barriers for Moisture Control and Mold Prevention in Wall Construction Fluid applied air/moisture barriers are effective and economical menus 4f controlling moisture in wall assemblies. Moisture control assists in preventing mold growth in wall assemblies. Fluid applied air/moisture barriers also offer performance advantages over building wraps and traditional asphalt impregnated felt or paper moisture barriers. They can be used in all types of wall construction over wood, gypsum and cement based sheathings. They can also be used over prepared concrete and concrete masonry units. They generally consist of three components (Figures Ia and Ib on page 2I D): 1. A trowel applied joint treatment for filling sheathing joints, spotting fasteners, and protection of rough openings, corners and other changes of plane in sheathed wall construction. 2. A reinforcing mesh or tape used in conjunction with the joint treatment to reinforce sheathing joints, corners, and changes of plane, and for repair of minor cracks in concrete or concrete masonry wall construction. 3. A waterproof coating applied by trowel, spray, roller or brush to prepared sheathing, concrete or concrete masonry wall surfaces. When properly applied to sound supporting construction, these components function together as an air barrier and seamless moisture barrier in the wall assembly. Some of the advantages of a fluid applied air/moisture barrier include: Effectively blocks air leakage Increases occupant comfort, Reduces energy costs by reducing heating and cooling loads, Reduces risk of condensation caused by air leaks through the wall construction Seamless moisture barrier No tears, holes, or lap joints that can compromise - j performance in servrce, Reduces risk of installation errors {{I ----- ._..-------- - --- ----- -- - - - -- Protects sheathi ng and rough 1 Minimizes risk of weather damage to sheathing and associated ~ openings from weather damage repair or replacement costs during and after construction ~ . _ I - - ------ - - Simple installation procedures .__ --_.._...--°--~ --- ----------____.. °_-----__ -- No special tools or skills required, reduces labor costs Durable Does not tear or lose its effectiveness with exposure to weather during construction or while in service Structural/fully adhered Rigid and stable under air pressure loads, does not tear or blow off the wall with wind Distinct color Facilitates job site inspection and quality control j Water based Safe to use, easy clean-up, VOC: compliant ~^ ~ Provides opportunity for pressure Minimizes risk of rain water penetration through wall assembly i equalized or pressure moderated wall design Doubles as air barrier and Efficient use of materials ~ moisture barrier in wall assembly ~ Advertising supplement provided by 5to Corp. Use the learning objectives below to focus your study as you read Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers #or Moisture Control and Moid Prevention in Wall Construction. To earn one AIAICES Learning Unit including one hour of health safety welfare credit, answer the questions on page 7, then follow the reporting instructions on page 8 or go to the Continuing Education section on »nvw.architectura2record.com and follow the reporting instructions. Learning Objectives • Know the components of fluid applied air/moisture barriers Compare the advantages of fluid air/moisture barriers with building wraps and other moisture barriers Identify design considerations when incorporating fluid applied air/moisture barrier systems into wall assemblies ~ "' AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD '.,,§ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series "'°- AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD '-..:~ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series Joint treatment and reinfor Figure la: Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barrier applied to sheathing by roller of coating Fluff A lie Air/ r in Wall Constructio d pp d Moisture Barrie s for Moisture Control and Mold Prevention In the last decade studies (CMHC, Commissioning and Monitoring the Building Envelope for Air Leakage, Odom, David J. III, Preventing Indoor Air Quality Problems in Educational Facilities: Guidelines for Hot, Humid Climates) have shown air leakage to be a significant potential source of condensation and moisture accumulation in building envelope assemblies. By constructing an airtight building envelope the risk of moisture problems-decay, corrosion, loss of insulation value, mold growth and IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) problems-that can occur because of air leakage and condensation are minimized. At the same time airtight construction is likely to be less capable of drying than "air-porous" construction in the event of water leakage or other unforeseen circumstances that cause water to enter into a wall assembly. The designer then must strive to prevent rain water penetration into the wall assembly, to construct an airtight building envelope assembly of compatible air barrier materials, and to enhance the drying potential of the wall assembly in his/her overall design strategy. When incorporating fluid applied air/moisture barriers in wall assemblies, the following considerations are important to effectively control condensation and prevent moisture penetration: Design Considerations • Air permeability Continuity with other air barrier materials Structural integrity Durability Water penetration resistance Water vapor permeability Mechanical ventilation Construction details and sequencing Code compliance Climate Air Permeability The layers of material that make up a wall assembly have different air permeability. Figure 2 provides a comparison of typical materials used in wall assemblies and heir air permeability v Tues. 0.32 e. 0.28 h '". 0.24 ~ 0.2 d ti 0.36 0.92 0.08 ~ 0.04 n 0 Q R L d C ~ C 9 'Q s o C N N - ` 2'g ~ o.o mE E m a a c c - TZ' c m a aE ~ .. ~~ ~ ~ a a r a n v S c E m E ~ L .G O • a 9 O ~N = a ~ s _ 0 d . ~ ' G Y ep O- e °' ~ .. - E E E ~ t ~ o E u E "i m ~ E N ;, Building Material Figure 2: Air Permeability jL/(s•m2)J of Fluid Applied Air/tVloisture Barrier and Common BuildingMateriats Sources of Data: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and Sto Corp. Energy codes in the United States have begun to require air tightness of the building envelope, but they are not specific about levels of air permeability for air barrier materials. The generally accepted level based on National Building Code of Canada requirements is 0.02 L/(s•m2) at 75 Pa pressure [0.004 cfm/ft2) at 1.57 psf)]. While many common building materials like plywood and gypsum wallboard meet this standard, a sheathed wall assembly will not perform well as an air barrier unless the joints are treated with an air barrier material. The sheathed wall assembly with treated joints then becomes an air barrier sub-system of the total building envelope air barrier system. The total building envelope air barrier system consists of all the interconnected air barrier materials-for example, treated wall sheathing, roof membrane, foundation waterproofing, windows, and doors, and the air barrier connection materials between them. Advertising supplement provided by 5to Corp. Figure 16: Fluid applied air/moisture barrier applied to sheathing by spray application "°~ AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD =,:~ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series Air Barrier Continuity Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers for Moisture Control and Mold Prevention in Wall Construction The overall design concept of air barriers in building construction is the creation of a continuous airtight membrane around the building envelope. Therefore air barrier materials in wall assemblies, to be effective, must be continuous. Breaks in air barrier continuity cause air leaks. In cold climates the breaks can allow significant amounts of warm moisture laden air to escape from the interior environment and condense on a cold surface in the wall assembly. Conversely, in hot humid climates, breaks in the air barrier permit moisture laden air from the exterior environment to infiltrate the building envelope and potentially condense on a cold surface in the wall assembly. Any penetration through the wall assembly or termination of the wall assembly must therefore be detailed to maintain the continuity of the air barrier materials to effectively create an air barrier system. Without continuity of the afr barrier materials in the wall assembly air barrier system performance is less effective. The design/construction professional must take material compatibility and construction sequencing into account when designing an airtight assembly to ensure continuity. A number of connecting air barrier materials exist that are compatible with fluid applied air/moisture barriers to make transitions from one material to the next, for example, rubberized asphalt membrane tapes to connect from wall sheathing to foundation, or low expanding urethane foam sprays for use between windows and rough openings. Air Barrier Structural Integrity Structural integrity of air barriers is important because wind loads are transferred to the most airtight components in a wall assembly, the air barrier materials, and in turn, are transferred to the structure. Negative and positive wind loads stress air barrier materials. If the materials tear or displace with loading they lose their effectiveness as air barriers. Some building wraps have low air permeability, but they do not perform well as commonly installed, not only because they have many seams that reduce their effectiveness against air leakage, but they are non-structural. If the seams in building wraps are not taped they do not perform well as air barrier materials. Because building wraps are non-structural they are susceptible to displacement and tearing with negative wind gusts in cavity wall construction. This compromises their performance in service. Fluid applied air/moisture barriers are fully adhered. Adhesion to sheathing exceeds the strength of the sheathing. Tensile adhesion tests show that the paper or glass mat facing fails in gypsum based sheathings, while unfaced sheathings like plywood show adhesive failure at loads in excess of 344 kPa (50 psi, could equate to more than a 2560 kmlhr [ 1600 mphJ wind speed). The structural strength of the fluid applied air/moisture barrier in effect equates to that of the sheathing. Deformation while in service is ]invited to the deformation of the sheathing. This means no tears and no compromise in performance caused by structural loading, provided the sheathing and supporting frame are adequate to resist loads. Air Barrier Durability While capable of resisting wind loads without compromise in performance, air barrier materials must also demonstrate durability in a number of other ways, particularly if the air barrier is concealed and inaccessible For maintenance. Durability criteria include: • Resistance to puncture • Resistance to pests-rodents, termites, carpenter ants, and other insects Resistance to low but sustained negative pressures from building stack effect and HVAC fan effect Ability to withstand stress from thermal and moisture movement of building materials, and stress from building creep Resistance to W degradation (during the construction period) Resistance to mold growth Resistance to abrasion Fluid applied air/moisture barriers generally do not provide a food source for insects or other pests. By virtue of their excellent adhesion to sheathing and prepared concrete or masonry substrates, they are resistant to puncture and they resist loads imposed by stack effect and fan effect, as well as wind loads. Their resistance to stresses imposed by Thermal and moisture movement, and building creep, is mainly dependent on the ability of the joint treatment material to span gaps in sheathing without cracking. This performance, in turn, is dependent on the physical properties of the specific joint treatment material. Similarly, the iIV resistance, resistance to mold growth, and abrasion resistance are dependent on the physical properties of the joint treatment and waterproof coating materials. Water Penetration Resistance The traditional moisture protection used in wall construction is asphalt saturated felt or kraft waterproof building paper. The terms weather-resistive barrier or moisture barrier are often used to describe these components in wall construction. They are generally installed over sheathing by lapping them shingle style and fastening with nails, screws or staples to the sheathing. Their general purpose in walls is to protect against ingress of incidental water into the building and to protect moisture sensitive components like gypsum sheathing in the event of a breach in the outer wall covering, such as a crack in stucco. Building wraps are often used in place of asphalt felt in wall construction, often with the same perceived purpose. The water resistance, air infiltration resistance, and vapor permeability characteristics of building wraps vary widely, depending on the brand of wrap selected (See references, PHRC Report No. 59). Seamless fluid applied moisture protection provides a significant improvement over traditional moisture protection and building wraps. In fact, they can be 10 times more resistant to water penetration than building wraps and nearly 200 times more resistant to air leakage than asphalt felt (refer to Figures 2 and 3). ~ lnoa u 845 ~ aoo 3 e soo 190 480 5-hour Water penetration = 400 Resistance Requirement at 55 cm per SBCCI PST & ESI Evaluation Guide 119 200 55 35.6 30.5 22.9 55 ~.. .. ~~ .. ~~ .,...~ ~~~~ 0 a; a `w m v o , d- p, a n n os ` m a a°m 3 w 3 3 v = m ` rA .~ ~ ~ ~ in - - a a a - 3 n - x LL ^~+ (~ a, m m a ~ m Product Figure 3: Water penetration resistance of fluid applied air/moisture barrier material compared to building wraps and building paper. Check page 7 for figure 3 notes. Advertising supplement provided by Sto Corp. "~~• AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD e.~ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers for Moisture Control and Mold Prevention in Wali Construction Water Vapor Permeability A fluid applied air/moisture barrier may or may not be a vapor retarding material. The generally accepted definition of a vapor retarding material is one that has a water vapor permeance of 57.4 ng/(Pa•s•mZ) [ 1.0 perms] or less. In table 1 the fluid applied air/moisture barrier components are not vapor retarders. The joint treatment has a vapor permeance of 994 ng/(Pa•s•mZ) [ 17.3 perms] and the waterproof coating has a vapor permeance of 327 ng/{Pa•s•mZ) [5.7 perms], about the same as Type 15 building felt. Water Vapor Water Vapor 8utlding Material Permeance (Perms) Permeance ngl(Pa•s•m2) 4 mil Polyethylene' 0.08 4.60 6 mm (eta inch) Plywood' (ext glue) 0.7 40.2 101 mm (4 inch) Brick' 0.8 46.D 2D3 mm (6 inch) Concrete Block' 2.4 138 25 mm (1 inch) Expanded Polystyrene' S 287 Type 15 Building Felt' S.6 322 Fluid Applied Air Moisture 5.7 327 Barrier Water roof Coatin p g 19 mm (3/a inch) Plaster on Metal Lath' 15 862 Fluid Applied Air Moisture 17.3 994 Barrier Joint Treatment 9.5 mm (3/a inch) Gypsum Wallboard' S0 2673 Table 1: Water Vapor Permeance of Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barrier Materials and Common Building Materials. Check page 7 for Table 2 notes. The purpose of a vapor retarder in wall construction is to minimize water vapor diffusion through the wall assembly and thus reduce the risk and the amount of condensation on cold surfaces in the wall assembly. Whether or not a vapor retarder should be placed in a wall assembly and where it should be placed must be carefully evaluated in relation to climate, the physical characteristics of other components of the wall assembly, and interior relative humidity conditions. In cold climates the predominant water vapor diffusion direction through most of the year is from the inside to the outside, as warm humid air from the interior environment moves in the direction of cold dry outside air. Conversely, in hot humid climates the predominant water vapor diffusion direction through most of the year is from the warm humid outside environment towards the cooler, dryer conditioned interior environment. Based on these general conditions a vapor retarder is customarily placed on the interior of wall construction in cold climates and on the exterior in hot humid climates. A vapor retarder should not be placed on the interior in hot humid climates, since it will potentially cause condensation by restricting vapor diffusion to the interior. The use of interior vapor retarders has been shown to be a contributing cause in many cases of moisture problems and IAQ problems in buildings in hot humid climates. One tool that is available to assist in making decisions about whether a vapor retarder is needed and where to place it in the wall assembly is a water vapor transmission analysis that can be performed manually (see ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, chapters 21 and 22) or by computer (Trechsel, Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes). Mechanical Ventilation A properly functioning air barrier system will limit the influence of air infiltration and exfltration on the heating and cooling loads of the interior environment. This can increase the efficiency of the HVAC system which translates into energy cost savings. However the mechanical ventilation system must still perform its basic functions of: • Ventilation and exhaust • Proper distribution of makeup air to interior spaces • Dehumidification of air • Filtration of outdoor air Wind effects, stack effects, fan effects and space configuration and partitions influence how the mechanical ventilation system must be designed to perform adequately. ASHRAE handbooks provide guidance on mechanical ventilation, and design and control of interior relative humidity conditions to control microbial growth, to minimize condensation potential, and to provide occupant comfort, in relation to air leakage. Construction Details and Sequencing "As much as 90 percent of all water intrusion problems occur within 1 percent of the total building exterior surface area. The 1 percent of the structure's fa4ade contains the terminations and transition detailing that all too frequently lead to envelope failures:'' Construction detailing is a critical component for the success of any wall assembly. The designer must create details that effectively: Control rain water penetration that may occur via: • Gravity flow-water that flows down and to the interior if surfaces are sloped towards the interior, for example, an improperly sloped brick ledge • Kirretic energy-rain water, for example, being blown directly into large openings • Capillary action-the tendency of water to travel through narrow openings or cracks in materials toward dryer surfaces, for example, a crack in a mortar joint • Pressure differentials-the effects of wind pressure, stack effector mechanical ventilation that create pressure differences across the building envelope, and drive water through cracks or openings Control condensation that may occur via: • air leakage • diffusion The contractor must in turn coordinate and sequence work so that details are properly constructed. Given that today's buildings are generally "tighter" than they were fifty years ago, the importance of eliminating water intrusion into wall assemblies increases substantially, since water in walls may not readily dry. Some details are fundamental such as the proper sloping of sills and ledges to the exterior, use of drip edges at soffit returns, capillary breaks in construction joints, or lapping of the air/moisture barrier over flashing at the base of a wall {Figure 4) to direct water to the exterior. Other details are more complex, such as maintaining the continuity of the air barrier at a window penetration (Figure 5) and integrating the air/moisture barrier with sill flashing. Whatever the detail, whether straightforward or complex in nature, the development and execution of details is vital to the long term success of the wall assembly, regardless of how well the air/moisture barrier system performs. An important advantage of a fluid applied air/moisture barrier in the wall assembly is that it can mitigate or eliminate one of the major forces that cause water infiltration into walls: pressure difference. The fluid applied air/moisture barrier, in combination with venting and compartmenting, can effectively enable the pressure behind the cladding material to equalize with the pressure outside, and prevent rain water penetration caused by pressure differentials (pressure equalized rainscreen). 4 Advertising supplement provided by sta Corp. "'~- AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD ,,~ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series Waterproof Coating Splice strip of reinforcement, joint treatment, and waterproof coating instalted over flashing Figure 4: Fluid applied air/moisture barrier lapped onto flashing at the base of the wall to "splice" the two materials and shed water onto the flashing and to the exterior. Code Compliance United States Model building codes and state and municipal codes in the United States do not address air barriers, moisture barriers and vapor retarders in a uniform way. Energy codes in the United States, including the IECC (International Energy Conservation Code), the State of Massachusetts Building Code, and ASHRAE's 1999 energy conservation standard (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, an energy conservation standard which is required to be adopted by state building energy codes under the Federal Energy Conservation and Production Act} require air tightening of the building envelope. Although codes in the United States do not always provide specific limits for air leakage of air barrier materials, the generally accepted limit is 0.02 L/(s•m') at 75 Pa pressure [0.004 cfm/ft2) at 1.57 psf)] based on National Building Code of Canada requirements. Most model codes generally require the use of awater-resistive barrier in wall construction and prescribe asphalt saturated felt (IBC Chapter 14, paragraph 1404.2). They often require the use of vapor retarders in wall construction (IBC Chapter 14, paragraph 1403.3) unless other means are provided to avoid condensation. Pluid applied airlmoisture barriers are proprietary materials and are not listed in model codes. Provisions are made for non-traditional building materials like building wraps and fluid applied air/moisture barriers as an "alternate material, design or method of construction."' Approval by the building official is based on his/her finding that "....the intent of the provisions of the code [are met] ...and that it [the air/moisture barrier material] is at least equivalent in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety to the materials or methods of construction listed in the code:" In practice the building official cannot evaluate each and every new material or method of construction, so model code evaluation agencies do this for him/her and publish evaluation reports which describe the use and limitations of alternate materials. Therefore it is always important to verify compliance of a fluid applied air/moisture barrier material with the code via an evaluation report. Southern Building Code Congress Public Safety Testing and Evaluation Advertising supplement provided by sto Corp. ;! /' ' Fluid applied air/moisture barrier ~~ ~f i, •' Interior crir seat l~ndow sill flashing E Air Seal Figure 5: Integration of the fluid applied air/moisture barrier at the rough opening with interior air seal and sill flashing beneath the window. Services, Inc. publishes an Evaluation Guide on Floor, Wall, and Roof Systems (Testing for Moisture Protection Barriers-SBCCI PST er ESI Evaluation Guide 119), which lists specific performance criteria for air and moisture barriers, including fluid applied air/moisture barriers. Conformance with these criteria is the basis for code recognition of fluid applied airlmoisture barriers. ICBO ES (International Conference of Building Officials, Inc.) is similarly in the process of developing a criteria for water-resistive coatings that function as alternates to UBC (Uniform Building Code) prescribed weather-resistive barriers. Cannda The National Building Code of Canada requires an air barrier system encompassing the entire building envelope, a vapor barrier if condensation is expected, and control of precipitation (Chapter 5, Environmental Separation, Sections 5.4-5.6). Multiple standards are listed in the code that identify performance requirements for building materials. New materials for which a standard has not yet been written undergo technical evaluation by CCMC (Canadian Construction Materials Centre}, who publishes evaluation reports which verify compliance of a material or assembly with the intent of the code. Some airlmoisture barrier materials have been shown to meet the requirements for air leakage as a material component of an air barrier system and are either listed or currently under evaluation by CCMC. Typical Wall Assemblies with Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers for Climate Zones in North America The model wall constructions illustrated below are examples of wall constructions that incorporate a fluid applied air/moisture barrier in two climate zones of North America. In each case the fluid applied air/moisture barrier functions as an air barrier and moisture barrier material over the sheathing that: • Protects the sheathing from moisture damage during construction • Minimizes air leakage into the wall cavity and to the interior environment from warm humid outside air in hot humid climates (and during summer months in cold climates) • Protects the sheathing against incidental moisture that may occur outboard of the sheathing but behind the cladding while in service • Minimizes air leakage from the interior towards the exterior in cold climates Advertising supplement provided by Sto Corp. _ "'"~ AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD '..,~ t~NTINUING EDUCATION Series Interior Paint (Vapor Permeable) ..: ; .: -: Gypsum 'allboard Batt Insulation (unfaced) Figure 6a: Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barrier in Hot Humiet Climate Zone Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers for Moisture Control and Mold Prevention in WaII Construction attached with metal fasteners, and, to minimize penetration with mechanical fasteners. The installation of the wood siding over strapping creates a cavity to promote drying of --~ Brick Ueneer the wood in the event it gets wet during construction or while in service. -I " (25 mm cavity) In cold climates the vapor retarder is essential (unless Rigid XEPS Insulation mechanical controls are in place to adequately control • (with Vertical Grooves interior relative humidity conditions in winter). The vapor far Drainage) retarder minimizes water vapor diffusion to the exterior Fluid Applied during winter months. However, it is essential to eliminate Air/Moisure Barrier leaks, condensation, or any other source of moisture in the frame wall cavity, given that the vapor retarder on the Gypsum Sheathing interior and the fluid applied air/moisture barrier and on Steel Stud insulation on the exterior create a very "tight" construction with limited drying potential. Note, in cold climates it is important to: The fluid applied air/moisture barrier has a unique advantage as compared to building wraps beneath non-contact siding such as brick veneer with a cavity because it is in effect structural and does not tear and lose its effectiveness with negative wind gusts during construction or while in service. Note, in hot humid climates it is important to: • Use a water vapor permeable interior wall covering to permit drying to the interior and to prevent condensation immediately behind the interior wall covering. • Use unfaced batt insulation to permit water vapor diffusion and drying to the interior • Pressurize the interior space with conditioned (dehumidified) air so that warm humid outside air is not drawn to the interior • Use a low permeabce rigid insulation on the exterior to resist vapor diffusion to the interior, especially if porous cladding like brick veneer is used Note that the rigid EPS insulation (as opposed to XEPS insulation) is chosen because it is vapor permeable. The vertical grooves in the insulation drain incidental moisture. The insulation is adhesively attached to the fluid applied air/moisture barrier to prevent thermal bridging that would occur if it was Interior Paint (Vapor Permeable or Impermeable) Gypsum Vapor Retarder Batt Insulation Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barrier Gypsum Sheathing on Steel Studes Figure 6h:. Fluid Applied AirlMoisture Barrier in Cold Climate Zone I/2" (I3 mm) Air Space • Insulate on the exterior, particularly when metal studs are used, to prevent: • Telegraphnig (ghosting) of metal studs on the interior or exterior wall surfaces • Heat loss via conduction through the metal studs • A dew point from occurring in the metal stud cavity and condensation which can lead to corrosion • Adjust the type and/or thickness of the rigid insulation to prevent a dew point in the frame cavity and condensation on or within the wall sheathing. As the size of the stud cavity increases and the thicluiess of batt insulation increases the dew point moves further to the exterior with the risk of the sheathing becoming a condensing surface. • Provide a neutral or slightly negative indoor pressure to prevent exfiltration of warm humid air into cold walls Note that each of the above model wall constructions illustrates a design strategy that incorporates a fluid applied air/moisture barrier, and other design considerations for the effective control of moisture in the wall assembly. As each building is different and has its own unique set of materials, climate, and interior conditions to consider, these model wall assemblies should be taken as a guide relative to any specific project. Appropriate adjustments in materials, and their position in the assembly Wood Siding over Strapping (with vapor permeable paint) Rigid EPS Isullation (with Vertical Grooves for Drainage) should be made. The overall design strategy must include prevention and control of rain water penetration, minimizing the risk of condensation caused by water vapor diffusion or air leakage, and maintaining proper mechanical controls of the interior environment. Fluid applied air/moisture barrier materials are effective components in wall assemblies that control moisture by minimizing air leakage and protecting water-sensitive components from moisture. Their material properties such as water vapor permeability, UV resistance and mold resistance must be taken into account. They are cost effective alternatives for moisture control in wall assemblies that have several performance advantages over building wraps and traditional asphalt saturated felt or paper moisture protection. ^ Advertising supplement provided by sto Corp. °~-: AIA/ARCHITECTURAL RECORD '-„~ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers for Moisture Control and Mald Prevention in Wall Construction KnoSV the components of fluid applied airlmoisture barriers Compare the advantages of fluid air/moisture barriers with building wraps and other moisture barriers Identify design considerations when incorporating fluid applied air/moisture barrier systems into wall assemblies er to the learning objectives above. Complete the questions ~w. Go to the self report form on page 8. Follow the reporting :ructions, answer the test questions and submit the form. use the Continuing Education self report form on Record's site-architecturalrecord.com-to receive one AIAICES Learning it including one hour of health safety welfare credit. estions 1. United States energy codes are ahvays specific about the levels of air permeability for building materials. a. True b. False 2. Pluid applied airlmoisture barriers' excellent adhesion Co sheathing and prepared concrete or masonry substrates makes them resistant against: a. Wind loads b. Insects or other pests c. Mold growth d. UV degradation 3. Seamless fluid applied moisture protection is nearly Times more resistant to air leakage than asphalt saturated felt. a. 100 b. 150 Q: 4. A fluid applied air/moisture barrier is also always a vapor retarding material. A: a. True b. False Q: 5. In cold climates, a vapor retarder is customarily placed on which? A: a. the interior side of the wall b. the exterior side of the wall Q: 6. "As much as 90 percent of all water intrusion problems occur within percent of the total building exterior surface area:' A: a. 1 b. 5 c. 10 Q: 7. Rain water blown directly into large openings is an example of which mechanism of rain water penetration? A: a. Gravity flow b. Kinetic energy c. Capillary action d. Pressure differentials Q: 8. One of the major forces that causes water infiltration into walls is: A: a. Kinetic energy b. Gravity flow c. Pressure difference Q: 9. Fluid applied airlmoisture barriers are proprietary materials and are not listed in model codes. A: a. True b. False Q: 10. In which climate should you use a low permeance rigid insulation on the exterior to resist vapor diffusion to the interior? A: a. Hot humid climates b. Cold climates Toole 1 Notes: 1. Dry Cup Method 2. Wet-Cup Method 3. Other Method 4. Note: this chart provided for information only. Direct comparisons of water vapor permeance values may not always be applicable, as different methods of measuring produce different results. Materials may also have varying water vapor permeability with changes in relative humidity. S. Sources of Data: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals and Sto Gorp. Figure 3 Notes: 1. Source of Data: independent testing by Cerny & Ivey Engineers 2. Fluid applied air/moisture barrier materiel did not leak, but met limit of testing fixture. 3. Materials tested in accordance with AATCC-127 (American Association of TextIle Chemists and Colorists Test Method 127-Water Resistance: Hydrostatic Pressure Test [modified]). A column of water 55 cm (21. fi inches) tall is placed over the moisture barrier material and sealed to the surface. The moisture barrier material spans a 3 mm (1/8 inch) evide joint in supporting sheathing. Building wraps and building paper are not penetrated with fasteners. Time to water penetration is then measured. For the materials that met the 5 hour criteria, the height of the water column was increased to determine the limits of the material. References American Architectural Manufacturers Association, Installation Masters Training Manual. Schaumburg: AAMA, 2000. American Architectural Manufacturers Association, Window Selection Guide. Palatine: AAMA, 1995. American Association of Textffe Chemists and Colorists, AATCC-127 Water Resistance Hydrostatic Pressure Test. AATCC, 1995. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, 1993 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, (I-P Edition), Atlanta: ASHRAE, 1993. Anastasi, Leonard, "Air Barrier Systems for the Life or Your Building," The Construction Specifier, (March, 2002), 30-35. Ants, Wagdy "Insulation Strategies for Exterior Walls," The Construction Specifier, (August, 2002), 40-45. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Commissioning and Monitoring the Building Envelope for Air Leakage, (Report No. 33127!02), Ottawa: CIvIHC,1993. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Rainscreen, Ottawa: CMHC. Cerny & Ivey Engineers, Inc., Water Penetration Resistance Testing Sto Gold Guard (Engineering Report No. 20409), Atlanta: Cerny & Ivey Engineers, Inc., 2001. International Code Council, Codes Forum(September/October), Falls Church: ICC, 2002. Construction Specifications Canada and Alberta Building Envelope Council, CSC TF,K~AID Digest Air Barriers, Toronto: CSC & ABEC, 1490. Foundatimt of the Wall and Ceiling Industries, Mold: Cause, Effect and Response, Itasca: FWCI, 2002. International Code Council, Inc., International Building Code. Falls Church: ICC, Inc., 2000. International Conference of Building Officials,. Uniform Building Code, (Vol. 3), Whittier: ICBO, 1997. Kubal, Michael, T, Waterproofing the Building Envelope, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993. Lstiburek, Joseph. Builder's Guide. Minneapolis: Energy and Environmental Building Assvciation,2001. National Research Council of Canada, National Building Code. Ottawa: NRCC, 7995. Southern Building Code Congress International Product Safety Testing Evaluation Services, Inc., Evaluation Guide on Floor, Wall, and Roof Systems (Testing for Moisture Protection Barriers). Birmingham: SBCCI PST & ESI, 1995. Odom, David J. III, Preventing Indoor Air Quality Problems in Educatiotral Facilities: Guidelines for Hot, Humid Climates, Orlando, 1997. Odom, David J. III, "Solving Indoor Air Quality Problems in Hot, Humid Climates;' Building Standards (September-October, 1994), Whittier: International Conference of Building Officials, 1994. Pennsylvania Housing Research Center, The Use of Housewrap in ~Nalls: Installation, Performance and Implications, (PHRC Research Series Report No. 59), University Park: PHRC, 1998. Trechsel, Heinz R„ Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes, {ASTM MNI,40), 4lrest Conshohocken: ASTM, 2001. Footnotes 1. The Use of Housewrap in WaIIs: Installation, PerFormance and Implications, PHRC Research Series Report No. 59 (University Park, 1998), p. 41. 2. International Code Council, Inc., International Building Code (Falls Church, 2000), p. 3. 3. Ibid. Advertising supplement provided by Sto Corp. ""'~ AIA/ARCHITECTURAL R E C 0 R D Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers for Moisture Control aed Mold Prevention in Wall Coestruetion -.,,~ CONTINUING EDUCATION Series 11YSPONV Program title: Fluid Applied Air/Moisture Barriers for Moisture Control and Mold Prevention in Wall Construction, Arch~tectura! Record (11{02, page 209) AIA/CES Credit: This article will earn you one AIA/CES LU hour of health safety welfare credit. (Valid for credit through July 2004) Directions: Select one answer for each question in the exam and completely circle appropriate letter. A minimum score of 70% is required to earn credit. 1. a b c d 6. a b c d 2. a b c d 7. a b c d 3. a b c d 8. a b c d 4. a b c d 9. a b c d 5. a b c d 10. a b c d Last Name First Name Middle Initial or Name Firm Name Address City State Zip Tel Fax E-mail Are you a member of the AIA? Yes No AIA ID Number Completion date (M/D/Y): For Customer Service, call: 877-876-8093. Check one: ^ $10 Payment enclosed (make check payable to Architectural Record and mail to: Architectura! Record/ Continuing Education Deptartment, PO Box 682, Hightstown, NJ OS520-0682.) Charge my: ^ Visa ^ Mastercard ^ American Express Card# Signature Exp. Date Check below: ^ To register for AIA/CES credits: answer the test questions and send the completed form with questions answered to above address or fax to 212-904-3150. ^ For Certificate of Completion: which is required by certain states, answer test questions, fill out form above, and mail to above address or fax to 212-904-3150. Your test will be scored. Those who pass with a score of 70% or higher will receive a certificate of completion. Material resources used: Article: This article addresses issues concerning health and safety. I hereby certify that the above information is true and accurate to the best of my knowledge and that 1 have complied with the AIA Continuing Education Guidelines for the repor#ed period. Signature Date Reprinted with permission from Architectural Record, November 2002 Phone: (8oo)zzl-z397 ,r. Fax: (404)346-3119 market) n gsu pport~stocorp.com _„_ _ ___ _ wwwstocorp.com Advertising supplement provided by Sto Corp. sl°o Sustainable Design W~tn StoTherm~ NExT ;, Insulated Wall Claddings For more than 50 years, Sto has been committed to the concept of environmental, economic and social sustainability.Our motto, °Building with conscience," focuses on this commitment. Several design decisions contribute to the overall energy efficiency of a building. One significant factor is the airtight- ness of the building envelope. An airtight, well insulated building enclosure can save energy and create superior indoor climate control and comfort. Superior Insulation and Higher R-Value Comparable Nominal R-Values of Wall Assemblies 28 LL 34 ~ 20 rs j 16 F- m 13 a m 8 K a 2632 i& 16.7s 1:7z 6.97 5.69 .`1:~: !-~'a: Concrete Siding Cavity EIFS 4" thickness 3" thickness 2" thickness 1"thickness StoTherm NExT insulated wall claddings provide a blanket of insulation around the exterior of the building, eliminating the thermal breaks characteristic of between-the-stud insulation. A broad range of R-Values may be achieved by using EPS in varying thickness from 3/a" to 4" (19-102 mm). Protection Against Air Infiltration and Heat Loss StoTherm NExT systems with proper details can reduce exterior air and moisture infiltration at foundation and wall joints, wall outlets and vents by as much as 55% compared to typical construction. StoTherm NExT systems greatly reduce heat loss through the walls, which can account for up to 40% of the heat loss in non-EIFS construction. h ~I.. A .t. A continuous layer of insulation placed outbound of the studs minimizes thermal bridging, significantly increasing the effective R-Value of the watt assembly. Sto Building with conscience. Sto knows the impact buildings can have on the environment. That's why it`s our mission to maintain the value of both new and existing buildings for their owners, investors and users by providing product systems and services that improve a building's energy efficiency, durability and aesthetic appeal. • Reduced Structural Requirements -A StoTherm®Insulated Wall Cladding adds ve compared to other wall claddings, which means less material is required when calcul< foundation footings, particularly as the height of the structure increases. • Building Reuse -StoTherm NExT systems can be applied to properly cleaned surface cement block and even painted surfaces, extending the life of existing building stock alleviating problems like poor insulation and air leakage. Research by the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory shows EIFS walls to be the "best performing wall systems" providing "superior moisture and temperature control. "* ~ ,• . ~:: . "Source: The Hydrothermal Performance of Exterior Wall Systems: Key Points of the Oak Ridge National laboratory NET Facilities Research Project StoTherm® NExT Ensures [ "Sustainability" isn`t just about energy efficiem: It starts with durable design, followed by sounc; longevity. Without durability as the cornerstone sustainable building features are lost. StoTherm durability by protecting the sheathing from satl vapor pass through -thus helping the wall dry, the wall assembly. Materials and Resources Locally Sourced Materials -Locally extracted rr manufactured close to the job location, reduce wrought by the transportation of materials. • StoTherm NExT components are manufactw US and Canada. A majority of the raw mate) components are extracted locally to these m Contact your local distributor for more information. Please visit us at www.stocorp.com or call us toll-free at 800-221-2397. ATTENTION Sto Building with conscience. Reducing the quantity of new materials needed for a building reduces environmental irr~ extraction and disposal of construction waste. • Sto Corp. ~ WaterproofinglAir Barrier • Sto Building with conscience. stb StoGuardTM Superior Spray-On Building Wrap Protect First. Make it Last?"" The StoGuard'" assembly. What is the StoGuardT"" assembly? StoGuard offers several application options for joints, rough openings and sheathing boards depending on preference and cladding type. The StoGuardT'" assembly is applied in two steps: Step One -Initial air barrier component StoGuard joint and rough opening treatment choices: • StoGuard Mesh and Sto Gold FII • StoGuard Fabric with Sto Gold Coat or Sto EmeraldCoat • StoGuard Tape (peel & stick) Step Two -Extended air barrier protection and waterproofing component StoGuard sheathing board treatment choices: • Sto Gold Coat is specially formulated for use under EIFS and other claddings • Sto EmeraldCoat is specially formulated for use under stucco and other claddings Both Sto Gold Coat and Sto EmeraldCoat can be applied by spray, roller or brush to wall sheathing and prepared concrete or concrete masonry wall construction. Both coatings pass ASTM D-1970 for nail sealability. Note: The ASTM test standard is for a nail over a wood substrate. StoGuard Mesh and Sto Gold FII a ~~ ~ ~,dy ~ v t `J~ S~""~C~~,45' ~ ~n 3~ ~~,,'u °3o)P ~• ^3~4 ~ ~ ~~,~iy~ '~~'Y f ev 3:: ~~ .~ StoGuard Fabric with Sto Gold Coat or Sto EmeraldCoat StoGuardT"" is durable! Since waterproofing and air barrier materials are hidden behind cladding and consequently inaccessible for maintenance or repair, make sure to choose a durable, structural barrier. StoGuard is a proven long-wearing waterproofing air barrier. StoGuard has undergone rigorous testing by independent test agencies to demonstrate compliance with the International Code Council -Evaluation Service and the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (GCMG) criteria to confirm its durability. StoGuard has been proven to be an extremely durable waterproofing and air barrier material with exceptional drainage performance. How is StoGuardT`" installed? The StoGuard assembly of products is easier to install than sheet wraps and does not require highly skilled labor. Sto Gold Coat and Sto EmeraldCoat can be applied with an airless sprayer, roller or brush for the same smooth continuous protection. The gold or green product color makes application inconsistencies easy to identify. Unlike some solvent-based materials, StoGuard has low VOCs and is not toxic. No additional breathing apparatus or special handling is necessary. ~;, r~~ Sto Gold Coat is specially formulated for use under EIFS and other claddings Sto EmeraldCoat is specially formulated for use under stucco and other claddings Cl • .~ • • Superior waterproofing. Unlike conventional sheet wraps that tear apart at the seams and leak through the staple holes, the StoGuard assembly of products is seamless and tear proof. Moisture protection in wall construction The function of moisture barriers in walls is to protect against the transfer of incidental water into the building. Additionally, they shield moisture sensitive components, such as wood or gypsum-based sheathings, in the event of a breach in the outer wall covering, such as a crack in stucco. the conventional choice for moisture protection has been asphalt saturated felt or paper. In addition to tearing and mis-lapping during construction, felt or paper might suffer significant performance break down with exposure to weather conditions. StoGuard can be left uncovered for up to six months (Sto Gold Coat) or two months (Sto EmeraldCoat) with minimal degrading. StoGuardT"": superior waterproofing StoGuard has the added ability to allow water vapor to pass through yet keep damaging liquid water from penetrating and saturating the sheathing. By applying StoGuard as your waterproofing treatment you can have the peace of mind that your walls have minimized risk of damage from water intrusion during or after construction. StoGuard resists water penetration for up to 75 minutes when subjected to water spray equivalent to eight inches (203 mm) of rainfall per hour driven by an approximate 50 mice-per-hour (80 km/hJ wind. Note: The product was tested in accordance with ASTM E-337 at simultaneous pressure of 6.24 psf (300 PaJ and waterspray of 5 gal/ftz/hr (3.41lmlyminJ. Vapor permeable. Unlike some sheet membranes that do not allow water vapor to diffuse through, the StoGuard assembly is water vapor permeable. By allowing for water vapor diffusion, while limiting air infiltration, StoGuardT"' is "breathable." Asa "breathable" waterproof air barrier, StoGuard permits water vapor to diffuse through it. This is important for the drying of the wall, should water accumulate in materials during construction or incidental water leakage occur after construction. Some sheet membranes do not allow vapor diffusion, which can result in a damp or saturated building assembly. Large liquid water drop on tap of opening How can a material be both waterproof and vapor permeable? water vapor consists of very small individual water molecules in a gas form. Water vapor molecules will easily flow through pores and openings in a material. More, or larger, openings result in more vapor that flows through. Materials that permit the passage of water vapor are termed vapor permeable. ~~ x z a :F C . .r~,~. J ~' Small water vapor molecules passing through opening Liquid water is cooled water molecules held tightly together via cohesion. The tight cohesive force creates surface tension that draws water into larger round drops. This surface tension allows water to cling to other objects. Surface tension will cause liquid water to bridge the small holes that water vapor can pass through. ~~ - - __~~ StoGuard has been tested in accordance with AATCC-127 (modified), Water Resistance: Hydrostafic Pressure Test, and resists water penevation for months. Ordinary housewraps and building papers, depending on brand or type, measure water resistance in hours, and in some cases, allow water penetration within the first few minutes of e~rosure. Critical Detail Checklist for Wall Assemblies r 1. Provide flashing 2. Provide diverter 3. Protect rough at decks flashingg at openings roofJsidewall terminations 4. Provide sill flashing beneath windows and doors 7. Seal around wall penetrations >-, 10. Provide saddle flashing at lowerlhigher wal I intersections 5. Provide head 6. Seal around flashing above window and windows and door doors penetrations n C) I I 8. Provide joints 9. Provide coping at required over parapets locations and seal where necessary Also see Moisture Control Principles for Design of Wall Assemblies in StoGuard`":Air Barrier and Moisture CorrtrolHandbook. Sto Corp. 3800 Camp Creek Parkway Building 1400, Suite 120 Atlanta, GA 30331 Tel: 404-346-3666 Toll Free: 1-800-221-2397 Fax: 404-346-3119 a www.stocorp.com ~~-Sf~. 5105G 09!07 VEN 5609 Sto Building with conscience. For Exterior Walls, Sto Beats All • Superior air leakage resistance and moisture protection; impervious to liquid water; protects sheathing and rough opening during construction; protects sheathing against incidental leaks and air leakage after construction. • Struc clarity loos adhesive bond Hof; cannot be torn or stretched ral adhesive attachment to Shea ing, not ible to wind pressure, lifting or tying. To qualify it barrier requires structural staklity; StoGuard on ng provides this. a; protects exposed sheathing for up to six months 11d Coat). Waterproof; does not deteriorate with re to water. install. Spray application, no large sheets or rolls to .Easily installed by one worker or a team, resulting in d labor costs. install; non-flammable, IowVOCs r green color makes inconsistencies easy to identify 11 toolbox to support you... • ar technical support staffed with 20+ year fiction veterans and supplemented with 24-hour FAQS and Ask A Wizard. Brilliantly colored cutaway details provide an in-depth t reference allowing you to review instructions for and precision. ses: ~ '' ATTENTION Sto products are intended for use by qualified professional contractors, not consumers, as a component of a larger construction assembly as specified by a qualified design professional, general contractor or builder. They should be installed in accordance with those specifications and Sto's instructions. Sto Corp. disclaims all, and assumes no, liability far on-site inspections, for its products applied improperly, or by unqualified persons or entities, or as part of an improperly designed or constructed building, for the nonperformance of adjacent building components or assemblies, or for other construction activities beyond Sto's control. Improper use of Sto products or use as part of an improperly designed or constructed larger assembly or building may result in serious damage to this product, and to [he structure of the building or its components. STO CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED EXCEPT FOR EXPLICIT LIMITED WRITTEN WARRANTIES ISSUED TO AND ACCEPTED BY BUILDING OWNERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH STO'S WARRANTY PROGRAMS WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE FROM TIME TO TIME. For the fullest, most current information on proper application, clean-up, mixing and other specifications and warranties, cautions and disclaimers, please refer to the Sto Corp. website, www.stomrp.com. • High performance air barrier. Before the StoGuard assembly, conventional sheet wrap products left you hanging in the breeze. Use StoGuard for a superior air barrier with seamless protection. Air barriers in wall construction The purpose of an air barrier in walls is to minimize air intrusion and leakage through the wall construction. The benefits of an air barrier are: • Reduced risk of condensation caused by air leaks through the wall construction Improved thermal efficiency of the wall construction Decreased energy costs Increased occupant comfort • Provides opportunity for pressure equalized or pressure moderated wall system design, thus minimizing the risk of rain water penetration through wall construction Materials like asphalt saturated felts and some housewraps have low air permeability but do not perform well as air barriers. This is not only because they have many seams that reduce their effectiveness, but they are non-structural. StoGuardT"": a high performance air barrier StoGuard is continuous, structural (when applied to sheathing) and durable Because StoGuard is permanently adhered to sheathing it becomes a part of overall physical structure. There is no tearing or gapping between StoGuard and the sheathing, only smooth uninterrupted coverage. This structural characteristic allows StoGuard to outperform sheet building wraps. Sheet building wraps, which are attached with nails or staples, may have gaps that allow air infiltration and leakage. They can also tear away from the fasteners or dislodge with wind gusts. According to the Pennsylvania Housing Research Center "...house wraps do very little or nothing to improve the overall air tightness of a wall system" *Source: Pennsylvania Housing Research Center survey "The Use of Nousewrap in Walls: Installation, Performance and Implications." 1999 Air permeability of StoGuardT"" The generally accepted air permeability level based on Canadian code requirements is 0.02 L!(s.mZ) [0.004 cfmlftz]. Based on independent testing StoGuard exceeds this criterion by a factor of more than 10. What about air leakage and mold? In the last decade, studies have shown air leakage to be a significant potential source of condensation and moisture accumulation in building envelope assemblies. By constructing an airtight building envelope the risk of moisture problems -decay, corrosion, loss of insulation value, mold growth and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) problems -that can occur because of air leakage and condensation are minimized. StoGuardT'" is energy efficient! According to US Department of Energy statistics "up to 40% of the energy consumed to heat or coal a building is due to air leakage into and out of the building:' Using StoGuard helps prevent air leakage and thus reduces energy costs, A study of commercial buildings by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn confirmed that air barriers promote energy savings ranging from 30-40% for heating climates and 10-15% for cooling climates. Not only is StoGuard an air barrier, which can help with indoor air quality and energy savings, it is also water-based with IowVOCs. Make sure your choice of air barrier is also good for the environment. Comparison of Potential Moisture contributed by Air Leakage versus Vapor Diffusion Extrapolation of data from: Preventing Indoor Air Quaiity Problems in Educational FacifrUes: Guidelines for Not, Humid Climates, by CH1MHill in cooperation with Disney Development Company. Air leakage versus vapor diffusion. While both air leakage and water vapor diffusion deliver moisture to the assembly, recent studies have shown air infiltration and exfiltration to be a significant potential source of moisture accumulation in walls and/or high relative humidity levels in interior spaces. Water vapor diffusion on the other hand has been shown to be a much less significant potential source of moisture than it once was thought to be. The diagram above illustrates this difference. When moving air contains water vapor, large quantities of moisture can transport through relatively small openings. Any tears, holes, penetrations will increase this level of humidity in a building. Conventional sheet wrap over period of One Year What is StoGuardTM? StoGuard is an efficient assembly of products which combine to create a waterproof air barrier in wall construction. By protecting sheathing first, this seamless spray-on building wrap provides superior protection against moisture intrusion and air leakage. During construction, StoGuard is resistant to liquid water and protects sheathing and rough openings. After construction, StoGuard protects against incidental water leaks and air leakage. ~f/e imagine the architectural achievements of the future... And if the future spaces we build can elevate the qua;ity of life; ir` they can inspire, our mission will ,have been accom,olished. Sto Corp. 3800 Cainp Creek Varkm~ay Hulldina 1400, Soite Ru Ntlanta, 6A 30331 iel: 404-34E-366fi Tcll rcee: I-800-22 b239r So"= Fax: s04-346 3 i 1? 900 wwwstocorp.com sioao a~a3 vw ~.5os Sto is the innovative world leader ir, daddirlg, coating and restoration systems. Sto invented Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems - introducing E7FS to Europe in 7963. Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, Sto Corp., which is ISO 9001 certified, continues to lead the North American industry in innovation; providing the highest quality products and services to enhance our customers' projects. Our industry leading Insulated Wall Claddings, Stucco, Coatings and Concrete Restoration products are manufactured in three plants located strategically across North America to serve our more than 2G0 distributor- ships in the U. S. and Canada. We continue to revolutionize the .industry with StoMachine Technology - a faster more economic waV to apply EIFS; Sto Studio, consultative design and cobr services and the Sto Institute, which trains building professionals in proper techniques to ensure lasting results. Application Technology...Design_. Education, and the highest quality products make Sto the innovative world leader in cladding, coating and restoration systems.