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fast food ��arkin�� ratios comparison c~���
Cann�. IN 1/5O al 4/200
F�he�.|N 1/2 seats Vat
Noblesville, IN Restaurants: 1 per 50 sq. ft. of indoor floor area, plus 1 per 200 sq. ft. of U
ou�oorpub|�aoohnga�a.excluding �eUn�2OO sq. h. of outdoor public oorput�
seating area. Dhvo�hmughFocU�aa: As Accessory Use: As requireci for
the principal use,plus 5 stacking spaces for the first window and 2ataoking •■p-uu
spaces for ea�h additional window. As Principal staokingop000@por
the first window and 2 stacking spaces for each additional window. 22'
Westfield, IN Drive-in Restaurants 1 parking space per 2 seats in service area plus
1parking space per employee on primary shift. Establishments hand the /^tSf,
sale and oonoumnkion��hoodondn�mohmomon�hepmmioeo 1 parking
space per 3 seats of serving area plus 1 parking space per employee on x
primary shift.
Zionsville, IN Fast Food (with or without drive-through): 1 parking space per 5 customer x
seats (including outdoor seating areas). Min. of 5 required Fast food drive
Mhnough only (no seating): 1 space per 100 s.f. of gross floor area min. of 4
parking spaces
Village of Barrington, IL 20 spaces per 1000 sq ft of net floor area (including outdoor dinin areas, or 1 5/ 250 or
space for every 4 seats including outdoor dining areas, whichever is greater 4/200
plus 1 space for each em of peak shift. Spaces prov for additional
drive-through waiting areas shall waiting areas shall be in addition to the otherwise required
number of &Paces. Notwithstanding the foregoing parking requirements, in the
B-4 district, up to a max. of 4 outdoor dining tabies with a max. of 4 seats at
each table shall be exempt or excluded from the net floor area and from the
number of seats utilized to calculate the required parking as specified above.
Anaheim, CA 16/1000 s.f. 3.2/200 or
4/250
Oregon Dept of O.&/1UOOmi gross leasable area 1.98/200 or
Environmental Quality 2.5/250
Roseville, CA avg among 6 cities 1/100 2/200 or IA 0
2.5/250
Lincolnshire, IL 14/1000ai 2.8/200 or
3.5/250
Barnegat Twp 1/100 whichever 2/200
seats,
Hillsboro, OR 9/1008ai 1.8/200 or
2.25/250
State of Utah 101000si 2/200
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FIGURE 2
FAST FOOD RESTAURANT WITH DRIVE-IN WINDOW (836)
Peak Parking Spaces Occupied vs: 1,000 GROSS SQUARE FEET
LEASABLE AREA
On a: WEEKDAY
PARKING GENERATION RATES
Average Range of Standard Number of Average 1,000 GSF
Rate Rates Deviation Studies Leasable Area
9.95 3.55 -15.92 3.41 18 3
DATA PLOT AND EQUATION
CAUTION —USE CAREFULLY —LOW R
44
a
42 a
w 40-
38
0 36
O
co 34
w
V 32-
o_ 30
co z 28-
Y 26-
d 24
6 22
a
20- o
II
n. 18
16-
14 r 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
X 1000 GROSS SQUARE FEET LEASABLE AREA
ACTUAL DATA POINTS FITTED CURVE
Fitted Curve Equation: P 1.95(X) 20.0
R =0.038
Parking Generation /Second Edition/Institute of Transportation Engineers /1987 /page 146
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Victoria Transport Policy Institute
Website: www.vtpi.org Email: info @vtpi.org
1250 Rudlin Street, Victoria, BC, V8V 3R7, CANADA
Phone Fax 250 360 -1560
"Efficiency Equity Clarity"
The Trouble With Minimum Parking Requirements
Donald C. Shoup
Department of Urban Planning
School of Public Policy and Social Research
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
Los Angeles, California 90095 -1656
shoup(a),ucla.edu
9 December, 1999
Originally Published in
Transportation Research Part A
Vol. 33 (1999), pp. 549 -574
Posted at the Victoria Transport Policy Institute website with author's permission.
Abstract
Urban planners typically set the minimum parking requirements for every land use to satisfy the
peak demand for free parking. As a result, parking is free for 99 percent of automobile trips in the
United States. Minimum parking requirements increase the supply and reduce the price —but not
the cost —of parking. They bundle the cost of parking spaces into the cost of development, and
thereby increase the prices of all the goods and services sold at the sites that offer free parking.
Cars have many external costs, but the external cost of parking in cities may be greater than all the
other external costs combined. To prevent spillover, cities could price on -street parking rather
than require off street parking. Compared with minimum parking requirements, market prices can
allocate parking spaces fairly and efficiently.
The Trouble With Minimum Parking Requirements
Donald Shoup
Parking Generation is a questionable resource for several reasons. First, parking generation rates
are inflated by the ample free parking. Second, no information is provided on several key issues.
Why and where were the surveys were conducted? How long did the surveys last? How long did
the peak parking occupancy last? Finally, nothing is said about off -peak parking occupancy.
Parking Generation raises more questions than it answers.
Figure 2 shows Parking Generation's report for one land use, fast -food restaurants. At the 18
survey sites parking generation ranges from 3.55 to 15.92 parking spaces per 1,000 square feet of
floor area`' The R of 0.038 shows that the variation in floor area accounts for less than 4 percent
of the variation in peak parking occupancy. Parking generation is essentially unrelated to floor
area in the sample. Nevertheless, the average parking generation rate normally interpreted as the
relationship between parking demand and floor area for a land use —is reported as precisely 9.95
parking spaces per 1,000 square feet of floor area.
5 /7-SD
Figure 2 Parking Generation at Fast Food Restaurants with Drive -In Windows v° 5 /5o
FAST FOOD RESTAURANT WITH DRIVE -IN WINDOW (836)
Peak Parking Spaces Occupied vs: 1,000 GROSS SQUARE FEET v
LEASABLE AREA S
On a: WEEKDAY Jj
PARKING GENERATION RATES 5 0 c
Average Range of Standard Number of Average 1,000 GSF
Rate Rates Deviation Studies Leasable Area
9.95 3.55 -15.92 3.41 18 3
DATA PLOT AND EQUATION
CAUTION —USE CAREFULLY —LOW R°.
44
42
w 40
7 38
O 36-
O 0
C7) 34
w
a 32
y 30
cs 28
26
Y 24
W 22-
a
20
ti
a. 18 0
0
16 0
0
14 r Tr i I r r
1 2 3 4 5 6
X 1000 GROSS SQUARE FEET LEASABLE AREA
C ACTUAL DATA POINTS FITTED CURVE
Fitted Curve Equation: P 1.95(X) 20,0
R' 0.038
Source: Institute of Transportation Engineers (1987a., p. 146)
4. Gross floor area is the building's total floor area, including cellars, basements, corridors, lobbies, stairways, elevators,
and storage. Gross floor area is measured from the building's outside wall faces.
3
The Trouble With Minimum Parking Requirements
Donald Shoup
When urban planners consult ITE publications they behave like frightened natives before a
powerful totem. For example, the median parking requirement for fast -food restaurants in the
United States is 10 spaces per 1,000 square feet of floor area, the same as the ITE's average
parking generation rate.' Beyond the ITE's impressive professional reputation, the ITE data
appeal to urban planners because minimum parking requirements are intended to meet the peak
parking demand, and no one else provides systematic data that relate peak parking demand to land
use.
Minimum Parking Requirements Inflate Trip Generation Rates
How do minimum parking requirements affect the demand for vehicle trips? The ITE publishes
Trip Generation to show the demand for vehicle trips associated with various land uses. For each
land use, this publication reports the "trip generation rate," defined as the number of vehicle trips
that begin or end at a land use during a given period. In choosing a survey site the ITE (1987b,
23) recommends, "the site should be self contained with adequate parking not shared by other
activities."
Half of the 1,533 reported trip generation rates are based on four or fewer surveys, and 26
percent of the trip generation rates are based on a single survey. As with Parking Generation, the
survey sites probably offer free parking. The trip generation rates therefore typically measure the
number of automobile trips observed in a few surveys conducted at sites with free parking. Free
parking inflates the trip generation rates because vehicle trip demand is higher where the price of
parking is lower.
Figure 3 shows Trip Generation's report for fast -food restaurants. It shows the total number of
vehicle trips to and from each survey site during a 24 -hour period from Monday through Friday.
Trip generation ranges from 284 to 1,359.5 vehicle trips per day per 1,000 square feet of floor
area among the eight survey sites. The R of 0.069 shows that the variation in floor area accounts
for less than 7 percent of the variation in vehicle trips. Trip generation is essentially unrelated to
floor area in the sample. Nevertheless, the average trip generation rate normally interpreted as
the relationship between vehicle trips and floor area for a land use —is reported as precisely
632.125 vehicle trips per day per 1,000 square feet of floor area.
5. The Planning Advisory Service (1991) surveyed the parking requirements in 127 cities. The median of 10 spaces per
1,000 square feet is for the cities that base their requirements on gross floor area.
4
The Trouble With Minimum Parking Requirements
Donald Shoup
Figure 3 Trip Generation At Fast Food Restaurants With Drive Through Windows
FASTFOOD RESTAURANT WITH DRIVE THROUGH
WINDOW (834)
Average Vehicle Trip Ends vs: 1,000 SQUARE FEET GROSS FLOOR AREA
On a: WEEKDAY
TRIP GENERATION RATES
Average weekday Vehicle Trip Ends per 1,000 Square Feet Gross Floor Area
Average Range of Standard Number of Average 1,000
Trip Rate Rates Deviation Studies Square Feet GFA
632.125 284.000-1359.500 8 3.0
DATA PLOT AND EQUATION
CAUTION —USE CAREFULLY —LOW R.
2.800
2.600
en o
0 2.400
z
o_ 2,200
Fr
w 2,000
J
w 1,800
w 1,600- o
w 1,400
.0
1.200
1,000
0
800 r r r r r t
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
X 1000 SQUARE FEET GFA
ACI UAL UAIA POINTS FITTED CURVE
Fitted Curve Equation: T 242.75 {X) 1168.0
R' =0.069
DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION- Not available.
Source: Institute of Transportation Engineers (1987a., p. 1119)
Parking Generation Compared with Trip Generation
To test the reliability of parking and trip generation rates, we can compare the number of vehicle
trips per day to fast -food restaurants with the peak parking demand at fast -food restaurants. The
number of daily round trips to a site divided by the number of parking spaces at the site can be
interpreted as the parking turnover rate, which is the number of different cars that occupy a
parking space during the day. Table 1 shows both the trip generation rates (expressed in round
trips, or half the number of trip ends) and parking generation rates per 1,000 square feet of floor
area for all the land uses that are common between the Trip Generation and Parking Generation
editions published in 1987 (the most recent edition of Parking Generation).
The final column of Table 1 shows the parking turnover rate. For example, on an average
weekda fast -f. .d re rant generates 316.1 vehicle -round -trips and a peak parking occupancy
o110 spaces per 1,000 square eet of floor area. Therefore, 32 different cars occupy each parking
space during an average ay (316.1 10).
C tiPS is 1 /mod
95 5
SOUS 5
2 -5/ Z �o
The Trouble With Minimum Parking Requirements
Donald Shoup
Table 1 Trip Generation Rates Compared With Parking Generation Rates
Trip Generation Parking Generation Trips Per Parking Space
Land Use (round trips /day) (parking spaces) (round trips /space /day)
Manufacturing 1.9 1.6 1.2
Furniture store 2.2 1.2 1.8
Industrial park 3.5 1.5 2.4
Residential Condominium 2.9 1.1 2.6
Quality restaurant 47.8 12.5 3.8
Warehousing 2.4 0.5 4.9
Motel 5.1 0.9 5.7
Retirement community 1.7 0.3 6.1
Church 3.8 0.4 9.0
Government office 34.5 3.8 9.0
Discount store 35.6 3.6 10.0
Hardware Store 25.6 2.4 10.6
Supermarket 62.8 2.9 21.9
Tennis courts /club 16.5 0.7 23.2
Fast food w/ drive -thru 316.1 10.0 31.6
Fast food w/o drive -thru 388.6 11.7 33.3
Bank w/ drive -thru 145.6 4.2 34.4
Bank w/o drive -thru 95.0 0.6 150.8
Convenience market 443.5 1.4 314.6
Per 1000 Square Feet Sources: Institute of Transportation Engineers (1987a, b)
The parking turnover rate at furniture stores is only 1.8 cars per parking space per day, implying
slow business. At churches it is a busy nine cars per space per day, heralding a religious
awakening. At government office buildings it is also nine cars per space per day, suggesting that
the state has not withered away. At tennis courts it is 23.2 cars per space per day, implying very
short games but many of them.
These turnover rates are unreliable because the underlying parking and trip generation rates are
often based on scant evidence (the parking or trip generation rate is based on only one survey for
4 of the 19 land uses). The surveys of parking generation for each land use were probably
conducted at different sites and at different times from the surveys of trip generation. These
bizarre turnover rates also suggest a more serious problem: the parking and trip generation rates
are misleading guides to transportation and land use planning.
The Tail That Wags Two Dogs
Free parking is an unstated assumption behind both parking generation rates and minimum
parking requirements. Transportation engineers do not consider the price of parking as a variable
in estimating parking generation rates. When urban planners set parking requirements they make
the same mistake. Urban planners interpret the ITE parking generation rates as the demand for
parking, neglecting the fact that demand has been observed only where parking is free. The
following five steps describe the dysfunctional interaction between transportation engineers and
urban planners.
6
fast food parkinct ratios comparison
location z�= ratro4parkmq spacesper =area or�peroseat spaces /s:f.
Carmel, IN 1/50 s.f. 4/200
Fishers, IN 1/2 seats
Noblesville, IN Restaurants: 1 per 50 sq. ft. of indoor floor area, plus 1 per 200 sq. ft. of
outdoor public seating area, excluding the first 200 sq. ft. of outdoor public
seating area. Drive through Facilities: As Accessory Use: As required for
the principal use, plus 5 stacking spaces for the first window and 2 stacking
spaces for each additional window. As Principal Use: 5 stacking spaces for
the first window and 2 stacking spaces for each additional window.
Westfield, IN Drive -in Restaurants 1 parking space per 2 seats in service area plus
1 parking space per employee on primary shift. Establishments handling the
sale and consumption of food and refreshment on the premises 1 parking
space per 3 seats of serving area plus 1 parking space per employee on
primary shift.
Zionsville, IN Fast Food (with or without drive through): 1 parking space per 5 customer
seats (including outdoor seating areas). Min. of 5 required. Fast food drive
through only (no seating): 1 space per 100 s.f. of gross floor area, min. of 4
parking spaces.
Indianapolis, IN Fast Food (with or without drive through): 1 parking space per employee of
largest work shift, plus 1 pkg space for each three customer seats. Fast food
drive through only (no seating): 1 pkg space per employee of largest work
shift, plus a minimum of three additional parking spaces.
St. Joseph County, IN Fast Food w/ seating: 1 pkg space per every three persons (including
outfdoor seating areas) plus a minimum of 5 parking spaces req'd. Fast food
drive- through only (no seating): 1 pkg space /employee (min. 5 pkg spaces
re'd) plus 3.5 pkg spaces per 1000 sq ft of gross floor area.
Village of Barrington, IL 20 spaces per 1000 sq ft of net floor area (including outdoor dining areas, or 1 5/ 250 or
space for every 4 seats including outdoor dining areas, whichever is greater 4/200
plus 1 space for each employee of peak shift. Spaces provided for additional
drive through waiting areas shall be in addition to the otherwise required
number of spaces. Notwithstanding the foregoing parking requirements, in the
B -4 district, up to a max. of 4 outdoor dining tables with a max. of 4 seats at
each table shall be exempt or excluded from the net floor area and from the
number of seats utilized to calculate the required parking as specified above.
Anaheim, CA 16/1000 s.f. 3.2/200 or
4/250
Oregon Dept of 9.9/1000 s.f. gross leasable area 1.98/200 or
Environmental Quality 2.5/250
Roseville, CA avg among 6 cities'= 1/100 2/200 or
2.5/250
Lincolnshire, IL 14/1000s.f. 2.8/200 or
3.5/250
Barnegat Twp. 1/100 s.f. or 1/4 seats, whichever is greater 2/200
Hillsboro, OR 9/1000 s.f. 1.8/200 or
2.25/250
State of Utah 10 /1000s.f. 2/200
Greenville, NC 1 space per 3 seats, plus 1 space per 2 employees, plus a minimum of
6 spaces for exclusive vehicle storage for drive through service.
fast food parking ratios is /25/2009
ITE Manual 9.9 spaces per 1000 sq ft 2/200 or
2.5/250
PAS 10 spaces per 1000 sq ft 2/200 or
2.5/250
Waconia, MN 1 per 35 sq ft plus 2 for drive thru
Brentwood, CA 1 space per 3 seats.
Jupiter, FL 2 spaces per 200 sq ft of floor area 2/200
Holly Springs, NC 1 space per 3 seats
Westmoreland Co, CA 1 space per 100 sq ft 2/200
fast food parking ratios 8/25/2009
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Parking Ordinance (Excerpt)
2. Automobile service stations: three (3) parking spaces for each grease rack. Grease racks,
pump blocks and other service areas shall not be considered as parking spaces. Bicycle parking not
required.
3. Auto repair: As much paved area for outside storage and parking of vehicles as there is area
used for servicing of vehicles. Bicycle parking not required.
4. Car wash: Four (4) spaces per washer unit. Bicycle parking not required.
5. Churches, theaters, auditoriums, funeral parlors, stadiums, arenas and similar places of
assembly:
One (1) parking space shall be provided for every four (4) seats provided in such building. A seat shall
mean eighteen (18) lineal inches of seating space when seats are arranged in rows or pews. For
auditoriums with no permanent seats, a seat shall mean seven (7) square feet of net floor area. Bicycle
parking required.
6. Amusements:
a. Dance halls and clubs: One (1) parking space shall be provided for each two hundred
(200) square feet of net floor area or fraction thereof. Bicycle parking required.
b. Bowling alleys, tennis courts and similar recreation facilities: Two (2) parking spaces
shall be provided for each alley, tennis court or similar activity unit. For any restaurant, retail or assembly
use within the building, the requirements for that use shall apply in addition to the requirements for each
activity unit. Bicycle parking required.
c. Spas and skating rinks: Three 3 s aces er 1000 square feet. Bicycle parking required.
(7 Fast food res aurant: one (1) space per 100 square feet. r icycle parking required.
8. Furniture and antique stores: one (1) space per 1000 square feet. Bicycle parking not
required.
9. Hospitals: At least one (1) parking space shall be provided for each bed in the total capacity of
such institution. Bicycle parking required.
10. Hotels, motels, and resort hotels: one (1) space per sleeping unit. Bicycle parking required.
11. Liquor store: three (3) spaces per 1,000 square feet. Bicycle parking required.
12. Lumber yard: one (1) space per 250 square feet of retail and office space only. Bicycle
parking not required.
13. Manufacturing: one (1) space per 500 square feet. Bicycle parking required.
14. Mini- warehouse: one (1) space per 5000 square feet, except that any office space associated
therewith must meet the standard office requirement. Bicycle parking not required.
15. Landscape nursery: one (1) space per 2000 square feet of lot area. Bicycle parking not
required.
16. Restaurant: the greater of four (4) spaces per 1,000 square feet or one (1) space per three (3)
seats. Bicycle parking required.
17. Skilled nursing facilities, hospices serving more than six individuals, and similar institutions:
one -half (1/2) space per bed. Bicycle parking required.
18. Schools, both public and private:
a. Child Care Centers: one (1) space for each member of the faculty and employee, plus one
additional space for every ten (10) children enrolled. In the case of part -tune personnel, the requirement
shall be equal to the maximum number of personnel present at the facility at any one time. Bicycle
parking required, but at a rate determined by the school.
ity of Santa Barbara fanning Counter 630 Garden St (805) 564-5578 Page 10 of 11
Article 8.08.04
Off Street Parking Regulations
Offices and office buildings Three and one half (3.5) parking spaces per
one- thousand (1000) square feet of gross floor
area.
Private clubs, dormitories, fraternities, Two (2) parking spaces per every three (3)
sororities and lodges with sleeping sleeping rooms or one (1) parking space per
rooms every (5) members, whichever is greater.
Private clubs, fraternities, sororities and One (1) parking space per every five (5)
lodges no sleeping rooms members.
Publishing establishments, newspaper Two (2) parking spaces per one thousand
or printing shops (1,000) square feet of gross floor area, plus three
and one half (3.5) parking spaces per one-
thousand (1000) square feet devoted to office or
related retail activities.
Railroad or motor bus passenger One (1) parking space per every (50) square feet
stations or heliports of gross floor area, plus one (1) parking space
per every two (2)employees.
Refuse dumps or landfills One (1) parking space per employee.
Religious Uses Churches or temples One (1) parking space per every four (4) seats in
the main sanctuary, auditorium or assembly
room.
Residential: Single Family One (1) parking space per dwelling unit.
Residential: Multifamily, including Two (2) parking space per dwelling unit.
apartment houses
Residential: Two Family Two (2) parking space per dwelling unit.
Restaurants: Family restaurant, Family One (1) parking space per every three (3)
restaurant with lounge, Fast food persons based upon the maximum number of
restaurant persons that can be accommodated at the same
time in accordance with design capacity
(including outdoor seating areas) (minimum of
five (5) parking spaces required).
8.08.04 10
Effective Date: June 13, 2005 Ord. No. 51 -05
Article 8.08.04
Off Street Parking Regulations
Restaurants: Drive -In Restaurant One (1) parking space per customer service unit,
plus ten (10) parking spaces per one thousand
(1,000) square feet of gross floor area
(minimum of four (4) additional parking spaces
required).
Restaurants: Drive Through only (no One (1) parking space per one employee
seating) (minimum of five (5) parking spaces required).
Retail Single Use Sites 100,000 Sq. Ft. Three and one half (3.5)
parking spaces per one thousand (1000) square
feet of gross floor area, provided, however, that
in no case shall any individual use provide less
than a total of five (5) parking spaces.
100,000 Sq. Ft. and Over Two and one half
(2.5) parking spaces per one thousand (1000)
square feet of gross floor area.
Retail Integrated Centers 400,000 Sq. Ft. If the total gross leasable
floor area of an integrated center is less than
400,000 square feet, four (4) parking spaces per
one thousand (1,000) square feet of gross
leasable floor area shall be required.
400,000 600,000 Sq. Ft. If the total gross
leasable floor area of an integrated center is
greater than 400,000 square feet, but less than
600,000 square feet, four and one half (4.5)
parking spaces per one thousand (1,000) square
feet of gross leasable floor area shall be
required.
600,000 Sq. Ft. If the total gross leasable
floor area of an integrated center is greater than
600,000 square feet, five (5) parking spaces per
one thousand (1,000) square feet of gross
leasable floor area shall be required.
Provided, however:
(1) in no case shall any integrated center
provide less than five (5) parking spaces:
and,
(2) the following individual uses: grocery
8.08.04 11
Ord. No. 51 -05 Effective Date: June 13, 2005
Chapter 732 Commercial Zoning Ordinance Section 211 Off Street Parking
26. Auditoriums, assembly halls, recital halls: One (1) parking space for each four (4) seats at
the maximum calculated capacity of the largest
assembly room.
Provided, however:
(1) In no case shall Tess than five (5) parking
spaces be provided; and
(2) Residential uses shall provide parking
spaces as required for residential use by this
section and such calculation shall be separate
from the parking calculation for the largest
assembly room; and
(3) Commercial uses that cumulatively exceed
the square footage of the largest assembly
room shall provide parking spaces as required
for the individual commercial uses by this
section and such calculation shall be separate
from the parking calculation for the largest
assembly room. [Amended G.O. 3,2008; 2007
AO-01]
27. Restaurant:
a. Family parking space per employee r largest
wo plus one parking space for
b. Fast food, with or without drive through parking per employee largest
work shift plus one (1) parking space for each
three (3) customer seats. Provided, however, in
no case shall any such use provide less than five
(5) parking spaces (also subject to the drive-
rough requirements of section 732-213).
c. Fast food, drive through only (no One ace per emp oyee ar st
seating) work shift plus a minimum of three (3) additional
parking spaces (also subject to the drive through
requirements of section 732 -213).
28. Taverns and night clubs One (1) parking space per employee per largest
work shift plus one (1) parking space for each
seventy -five (75) square feet of gross floor area.
29. Retail or service commercial uses Three and one -half (3.5) parking spaces for each
individual, freestanding uses: including but one thousand (1,000) square feet of gross
not limited to: Bakeries; drugstores; beauty leasable area shall be required for any individual,
and barber shops; package liquor stores; freestanding retail or service commercial use
Laundromats, photo studios; jewelry, gift, unless listed separately in this section, in which
appliance and similar stores; personal service case the parking requirement noted for that
shops specific use shall be utilized.
Provided, however, that in no case shall any
individual use provide less than five (5) parking
spaces.
Update G.O. 3, 2008 Page 72
6-1-eLan.4,0„6_q,(704,Foric.0)
Chapter 732 Commercial Zoning Ordinance Section 213 Off Street Stacking
Sec. 732 -213. Drive through off street stacking space regulations.
(a) General provisions. The purpose of off street stacking space regulations is to promote public
safety by alleviating on -site and off-site traffic congestion from the operation of a facility which utilizes
a drive through service unit. Any use having a drive through service unit shall provide the required off
street stacking area on -site to minimize off -site traffic congestion while waiting for service. Each drive
through service unit shall provide stacking spaces as follows:
(1) Each stacking space shall be not Tess than eight and one -half (8 1/2) feet in width and
seventeen and one -half (17 1/2) feet in length, with additional spaces for necessary turning
and maneuvering.
(2) The area required for stacking spaces shall be exclusive of and in addition to any required
parking space, loading space, driveway, aisle and required yard, unless specifically noted.
(3) A parking space at any component of a drive through service unit (window, menu board,
order station, or service bay) shall be considered to be a stacking space.
(4) An area reserved for stacking spaces shall not double as a circulation driveway or
maneuvering area.
(5) Sites with stacking spaces shall include an exclusive bypass aisle, driveway or other
circulation area in the parking lot design to allow vehicles to bypass the stacking area.
(6) A drive through service unit may project up to one (1) foot into the stacking area.
(7) A drive through service unit shall not be permitted on the side or rear of a building, or
within the side or rear yard of a building, which abuts a protected district unless the side or
rear setback of each component of a service unit is located more than one hundred (100)
feet from the protected district.
(8) Drive through service units may contain more than one (1) component part. Service units
may contain such components as menu board(s), pay windows, and food service pickup
windows. To determine the number of off street stacking spaces located before a service
unit, the final component of the service unit shall be used in determining the location of the
required off street stacking spaces. In the case of car washes, the final component of a
service unit is the entrance to the car wash building itself.
(b) Site plan submission. All required off street stacking spaces and circulation pattern(s) shall be
demonstrated on the site plan that is submitted at the time of filing for an Improvement Location
Permit. The submitted site plan shall also delineate:
(1) All existing and proposed points of ingress and egress, circulation and maneuvering areas,
off street parking and loading areas; and
(2) Separately tabulate the number of required off street parking, loading, and stacking spaces
in a conspicuous place on the plan for easy reference.
Prior to obtaining an Improvement Location Permit; the site plan shall be forwarded to the division of
compliance for its review and comment.
(c) Required stacking spaces.
(1) Bank (including ATM's): Six (6) spaces before the final component of each service unit;
one (1) space after each service unit.
(2) Drive -in theatre: Before the ticket service window or area, stacking space shall be equal to
twenty (20) percent of the total off street parking capacity of the theatre. The in -bound
reservoir area shall not connect or conflict in any way with exit driveways.
(3) Car washes:
Update G.O. 63, 2005 Page 77
Chapter 732 Commercial Zoning Ordinance Section 213 Off Street Stacking
a. Self- service or hand wash: Three (3) spaces before the final component of each
service unit; two (2) spaces at the exit of each unit.
b. Semi- or fully automatic: Twenty (20) spaces before the final component of each
service unit; six (6) spaces reserved for vacuuming or drying of automobiles may count
in the exit stacking figure. Parking spaces not required for off street parking spaces
may be utilized for the stacking space calculation.
(4) Restaurants:
Number of Drive-Through
Total Number of Stacking Spaces Required
Service Units
:Six (6) spaces before the final component of
One (1) the service unit; two (2) spaces at the exit of
the unit.
;Eight (8) spaces before the final component of
Two (2) -each service unit; two (2) spaces at the exit of
each unit.
For each additional drive- Four (4) spaces before the final component of
through service unit each additional service unit and one (1) space
at the exit of each unit.
(5) All other facilities utilizing a drive through service unit. Including, but not limited to laundry
and dry cleaning stations, photo drop- off /pick -up stations, automobile oil change or
lubrication facilities: Three (3) spaces before the final component of the service unit; one
(1) space at the exit of each service unit.
(G.O. 2, 2002, 13)
Update G.O. 63, 2005 Page 78
(36)Barberor beauty shop; principal or
accessory use 2 spaces per barber, beautician or other employee
(37)Bowling alley 3 spaces per lane, plus requirements for any associated use,
such as a lounge, restaurant, etc.
(38)Athletic, sports recreation, or similar
health club 1 space per 300 storage feet of non storage area, plus 1 space per
employee, plus required spaces for associated uses such as
lounges, restaurants, etc.
(39) Commercial recreation indoor, skating
rinks, pool halls, etc. 1 space per 200 feet of activity area
(40)Commercial recreation and
amusements outdoor, driving range,
miniature golf, etc. 1 space per 3 customary units of measurement for the particular
use, plus 10 spaces for waiting, plus 1 space per 2 employees
(41) Dormitories for technical schools,
colleges, and universities 0.75 space per bed
(42) Dry cleaning or laundry establishment 1 space per 300 square feet of gross floor area and storage space
for 3 vehicles at each drive through window
(43)Laundry establishment, self service 1 space per 2 pieces of central equipment
(44) Flea market or farmer's market 1 space per employee, plus 1 space per 100 square feet of covered
sales area or 1 space per 4 vendors whichever is greater
(45) Funeral home /mortuary 1 space for each 4 seats in every assembly room or chapel,
plus a minimum of 5 for funeral vehicles, plus 1 space per 2
employees
(46)Furniture and appliance store 1 space per 600 square feet of display area
(47) Medical, dental or similar clinic 5 spaces per practicing physician or dentist and 1 space per other
employee
(48)Motel /hotel 1 space per unit, plus 1 space per 2 employees, plus requirements
for any other associated use such as a restaurant, lounge, etc.
(49) Mobile home sales 5 spaces, plus 1 space per 10,000 square feet of lot area
(50)Public or private club 1 space for every 50 square feet of activity area, plus 1 space
per 2 employees
(51) Office building 1 space per 300 square feet of nonstorage floor area
(52)Restaurant or establishment dispersing
food, drink and refreshments
without drive through service 1 space per 3 seats, plus 1 space per 2 employees
(53)Restaurant with drive through service 1 space per 3 seats, plus 1 space per 2 employees, plus a minimum
of 6 spaces for exclusive vehicle storage for drive through service.
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